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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Detecting the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia Burgdorferi, in Ticks Using Nested PCR

Detecting the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia Burgdorferi, in Ticks Using Nested PCR

Published on: February 4, 2018

Lyme disease: the next decade.

Raphael B Stricker¹, Lorraine Johnson

¹International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Infection and Drug Resistance

|June 23, 2011

Summary

Recent reviews confirm persistent Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) is possible, complicated by coinfections and bacterial forms like cell-wall deficient variants and biofilms. New treatments targeting these are needed.

Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Microbiology
Medical Research

Background:

Lyme disease is a significant tick-borne illness with ongoing controversies regarding persistent infection.
Recent guideline reviews highlight evidence for persistent Borrelia burgdorferi infection.
Coinfections (Babesia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Bartonella) and atypical bacterial forms complicate treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current understanding of persistent Lyme disease.
To identify key factors contributing to treatment failure.
To propose future directions for diagnosis and treatment.

Main Methods:

Analysis of evidence presented during a mandated review of Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Lyme guidelines.
Review of research on cell wall-deficient (CWD) bacterial forms.

Keywords:

Borrelia burgdorferi L-forms Lyme disease biofilms cysts proteomics

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Cultivation Methods of Spirochetes from Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Complex and Relapsing Fever Borrelia

Cultivation Methods of Spirochetes from Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Complex and Relapsing Fever Borrelia

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Detecting the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia Burgdorferi, in Ticks Using Nested PCR

Detecting the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia Burgdorferi, in Ticks Using Nested PCR

Published on: February 4, 2018

Feeding of Ticks on Animals for Transmission and Xenodiagnosis in Lyme Disease Research

Feeding of Ticks on Animals for Transmission and Xenodiagnosis in Lyme Disease Research

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Cultivation Methods of Spirochetes from Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Complex and Relapsing Fever Borrelia

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Published on: November 25, 2022

Examination of molecular mechanisms of biofilms in chronic infections.

Main Results:

Confirmed potential for persistent Borrelia burgdorferi infection.
Identified role of tick-borne coinfections in treatment failure.
Highlighted importance of CWD forms and biofilms in chronic Lyme disease.

Conclusions:

Recognition of CWD forms and biofilms necessitates new antimicrobial research targeting these mechanisms.
Proteomic screening can address deficiencies in current Lyme disease testing.
Advances in understanding CWD forms, biofilms, and diagnostics can revolutionize Lyme disease management.