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Related Concept Videos

Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
Muscles of the Eye01:20

Muscles of the Eye

The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and rotating...

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Quantification of Visual Feature Selectivity of the Optokinetic Reflex in Mice
09:28

Quantification of Visual Feature Selectivity of the Optokinetic Reflex in Mice

Published on: June 23, 2023

Competition for visual selection in the oculomotor system.

David A Markowitz1, Ryan A Shewcraft, Yan T Wong

  • 1Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|June 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

External stimuli and internal goals both influence visual selection, with their effects adding up over time. A critical switching period exists where both attentional processes compete, revealing how the brain guides eye movements.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Oculomotor Systems

Background:

  • The oculomotor system selects visual targets and guides eye movements.
  • Attentional priority is influenced by external stimuli (exogenous) and internal goals (endogenous).
  • The temporal interaction between exogenous and endogenous attention is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the temporal dynamics of exogenous and endogenous attention.
  • To quantify the interaction between stimulus- and goal-driven attention.
  • To understand how these processes influence visual selection over time.

Main Methods:

  • A novel choice task was designed to simultaneously manipulate stimulus- and goal-driven attention.
  • Behavioral data from rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were collected.
  • Computational models were developed to quantify attentional interactions.

Main Results:

  • Exogenous and endogenous attentional biases change linearly with time after stimulus onset.
  • These attentional influences have an additive effect on visual selection.
  • A critical 140-180 ms window was identified for attentional switching between competing targets.

Conclusions:

  • The brain employs a linear summation of attentional biases to guide visual selection.
  • Both external stimulus properties and internal goals contribute additively to attentional selection.
  • Understanding these temporal dynamics is crucial for comprehending oculomotor control.