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Brainstem

Brainstem

The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...

Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System

Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System

The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
The receptor level:
The receptor level is the first stage of sensation. It involves the detection of a stimulus by specialized sensory receptors. The stimulus must arrive within the receptor's receptive field. Next, the receptor converts the energy of the stimulus...

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...

Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla

Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla

The medulla oblongata is a crucial part of the brainstem responsible for controlling various autonomic and involuntary functions. It contains several nuclei, including the olivary, cuneate, gracile, and solitary nuclei.
Olivary Nucleus
The olivary nucleus, or inferior olivary nucleus, is located within the ventrolateral part of the medulla oblongata. It is primarily involved in motor coordination and motor learning. The olivary nucleus receives input from the spinal cord, cerebellum, and motor...

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...

Auditory Pathway

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Slicing the Embryonic Chicken Auditory Brainstem to Evaluate Tonotopic Gradients and Microcircuits

Slicing the Embryonic Chicken Auditory Brainstem to Evaluate Tonotopic Gradients and Microcircuits

Published on: July 12, 2022

Ultrastructural basis for craniofacial sensory processing in the brainstem.

Yong Chul Bae¹, Atsushi Yoshida

¹Department of Oral Anatomy, Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412, Korea.

International Review of Neurobiology

|June 29, 2011

Summary

This study reviews trigeminal sensory pathways in the brainstem, focusing on synaptic connections and neurotransmitters. It examines nociceptive markers and dental pulp innervation for pain processing insights.

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Slicing the Embryonic Chicken Auditory Brainstem to Evaluate Tonotopic Gradients and Microcircuits

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Published on: July 12, 2022

Vibratome Sectioning for Enhanced Preservation of the Cytoarchitecture of the Mammalian Organ of Corti

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A Large Lateral Craniotomy Procedure for Mesoscale Wide-field Optical Imaging of Brain Activity

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Published on: May 7, 2017

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Craniofacial Biology
Pain Research

Background:

Understanding trigeminal sensory pathways is crucial for deciphering craniofacial neural information processing.
The brainstem's first relay nucleus plays a key role in transmitting and processing this information.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent findings on synaptic connectivity of craniofacial sensory and proprioceptive afferents in the brainstem.
To explore neurotransmitters and receptors involved in presynaptic modulation of trigeminal primary afferents.
To examine projections and connectivity of nociceptive afferents expressing TRPV1, TRPA1, and P2X3 receptors.

Main Methods:

Review of recent scientific literature on trigeminal sensory pathways.
Analysis of synaptic connectivity and neurotransmitter roles in the brainstem.
Examination of nociceptive markers and dental pulp innervation.

Main Results:

Detailed review of trigeminal sensory and proprioceptive afferent projections and connectivity.
Discussion of neurotransmitters and receptors modulating trigeminal afferents.
Focus on nociceptive markers (TRPV1, TRPA1, P2X3) and dental pulp innervation.

Conclusions:

The trigeminal system's intricate connectivity is vital for craniofacial sensory processing.
Dental pulp serves as a valuable model for studying peripheral pain mechanisms.
Further research into these pathways can advance understanding of pain and related disorders.