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Related Concept Videos

The Calvin Benson Cycle01:46

The Calvin Benson Cycle

Ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) is a critical enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide assimilation during photosynthesis. However, it is an inefficient enzyme, having an extremely slow catalytic rate. A typical enzyme can process about a thousand molecules per second; however, RuBisCo fixes only around three-carbon dioxides per second. Photosynthetic cells compensate for this slow rate by synthesizing very high amounts of RuBisCo, making it the most abundant single...
Carbon-dioxide Fixation01:28

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...
The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane01:41

The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane

The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through respiratory complexes I to V. These complexes have been widely studied for decades, and it has been proven that they form supramolecular structures called respiratory supercomplexes (SC). These higher-order complexes may be crucial in maintaining the biochemical structure and improving the physiological activity of the individual complexes while...
C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches01:23

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...
Ribozymes02:47

Ribozymes

The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Assessing Structural Traits in Triticum aestivum and Zea mays for C3 and C4 Photosynthetic Differentiation Using Free-hand and Semi-thin Sections
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Assessing Structural Traits in Triticum aestivum and Zea mays for C3 and C4 Photosynthetic Differentiation Using Free-hand and Semi-thin Sections

Published on: July 12, 2024

The structure and function of RuBisCO and their implications for systematic studies.

E Kellogg, N Juliano

    American Journal of Botany
    |June 29, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCO), the most abundant protein, has conserved regions in its large subunit crucial for carbon fixation. Analysis reveals variation and potential adaptive evolution, impacting plant systematic studies.

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    A New Approach for the Comparative Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry

    Published on: March 13, 2014

    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Plant Science
    • Evolutionary Biology

    Background:

    • Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCO) is the most abundant protein globally.
    • Its large subunit (LSU) contains the active site essential for carbon fixation.
    • Understanding RuBisCO's conservation is vital for genetic engineering and plant phylogeny.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze conserved residues in the RuBisCO LSU across seed plants.
    • To evaluate the implications of conservation patterns for phylogenetic analyses.
    • To investigate potential adaptive evolution and environmental responses within RuBisCO.

    Main Methods:

    • Sequence data analysis of RuBisCO LSU from 499 seed plant species.
    • Identification and quantification of conserved and variable amino acid residues.
    • Comparison of sequence data with existing structural information.

    Main Results:

    • 105 (22%) of LSU residues are absolutely conserved across 499 seed plants; 110 show only one change.
    • Conserved domains are not fully explained by current structural data.
    • Estimated potentially variable sites are over 1000, not 1428, with varying rates of change and potential for homoplasy.

    Conclusions:

    • Conserved RuBisCO domains have implications for systematic studies, suggesting a need to refine phylogenetic analyses.
    • Functional constraints and codon biases influence evolutionary rates and increase homoplasy.
    • RuBisCO variation may reflect adaptive evolution in response to environmental factors.