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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
Solubility03:00

Solubility

Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules, atoms, and/or ions)...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Energetics of Solution Formation02:35

Energetics of Solution Formation

The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, which is a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Formation of the solution requires the solute–solute and solvent–solvent electrostatic forces to...
Solvating Effects02:12

Solvating Effects

An understanding of the solvating effect helps rationalize the relation between solvation and acidity of the compound. In addition, this also explains the relative stability of conjugate bases for compounds with different pKa values. This lesson details, in-depth, the principle of solvating effects. The strength of an acid and the stability of its corresponding conjugate base are determined using pKa values. This observed relationship is a consequence of solvation, which is the interaction...

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Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions
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Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions

Published on: April 19, 2018

Solvation effects in phase transitions in soft matter.

Akira Onuki1, Takeaki Araki, Ryuichi Okamoto

  • 1Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. onuki@scphys.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|June 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Adding salt to polar mixtures changes phase transitions. Antagonistic salts form patterns like stripes and droplets by interacting with water-rich and oil-rich areas.

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Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions
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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Colloid Science

Background:

  • Phase transitions in polar binary mixtures are sensitive to composition.
  • Preferential solvation effects are critical in these systems.
  • The influence of salt on these transitions is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of antagonistic salts in altering phase transitions of polar binary mixtures.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of mesophase formation induced by salt.
  • To analyze the formation of domain structures and patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing two-dimensional simulations to model the system.
  • Investigating the effects of varying interaction parameters, temperature, and salt density.
  • Analyzing ion behavior at liquid-liquid interfaces.

Main Results:

  • Antagonistic salts segregate at interfaces, coupling to composition fluctuations.
  • Mesophase formation, including stripe and droplet patterns, is observed.
  • Coarsening of domain structures can be controlled by salt density and interaction parameters.
  • Charged droplets exhibit significant size dispersity in percolated regions.

Conclusions:

  • Antagonistic salts play a crucial role in directing phase transitions and pattern formation in polar binary mixtures.
  • The segregation of ions and their selective coupling to composition fluctuations drive mesophase formation.
  • Simulation results provide insights into controlling domain coarsening and pattern morphology.