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Titration of a Polyprotic Acid

Titration of a Polyprotic Acid

A polyprotic acid contains more than one ionizable hydrogen and undergoes a stepwise ionization process. If the acid dissociation constants of the ionizable protons differ sufficiently from each other, then the titration curve for such polyprotic acid generates a distinct equivalence point for each of its ionizable hydrogens. Therefore, titration of a diprotic acid results in the formation of two equivalence points, whereas the titration of a triprotic acid results in the formation of three...

Titration of Polyprotic Acids with a Strong Base

Titration of Polyprotic Acids with a Strong Base

Titration of a polyprotic acid, which contains multiple ionizable protons, involves distinct dissociation steps, each with its own dissociation constant (Ka). Each successive Ka is weaker than the previous one. In the titration of a polyprotic acid like sulfurous acid with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, the base first neutralizes the initial ionizable proton, forming an intermediate species (e.g., hydrogen sulfite ions). This step's titration curve resembles that of a weak monoprotic...

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Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base

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Weak acids and bases do not undergo dissociation completely, and titrations between these two are rarely studied. When such studies are performed, say, for the titration of a weak acid with a weak base, the titration curve plots the change in pH as a function of the volume of base added. Take the titration of acetic acid with ammonia, for instance. During the titration, these two species form ammonium acetate and water, but the pH change is slow and gradual.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method

Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method

Published on: May 18, 2018

Alkaptonuria.

Gk Tharini¹, Vidhya Ravindran, N Hema

¹Department of Dermatology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India.

Indian Journal of Dermatology

|July 1, 2011

Summary

Alkaptonuria, a rare autosomal recessive disorder, typically presents with specific symptoms. This case highlights a patient with alkaptonuria who also exhibited unusual palmar pigmentation.

Area of Science:

Medical Genetics
Metabolic Disorders
Dermatology

Background:

Alkaptonuria (AKU) is an inherited metabolic disorder.
It is characterized by autosomal recessive inheritance.
AKU results from a deficiency in the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase.

Purpose of the Study:

To report a rare case of alkaptonuria.
To describe an unusual clinical manifestation in a patient with AKU.

Main Methods:

Case report.
Clinical observation.

Main Results:

The patient presented with the typical features of alkaptonuria.
An additional, uncommon finding of palmar pigmentation was observed.

Keywords:

Alkaptonuria homogentisic acid ochronosis

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Direct Detection of the Acetate-forming Activity of the Enzyme Acetate Kinase

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method

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Direct Detection of the Acetate-forming Activity of the Enzyme Acetate Kinase

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Conclusions:

This case expands the known clinical spectrum of alkaptonuria.
Palmar pigmentation may be a feature of alkaptonuria, warranting further investigation.