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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.01:25

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.

Understanding the variety of primary symptoms and systemic complications that characterize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is crucial for healthcare professionals.
Symptoms of COPD can be classified as primary or systemic. Primary symptoms relate to reduced airflow, while systemic or extrapulmonary symptoms relate to COPD's broader impact on the body.
Primary Symptoms of COPD:
Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management01:22

Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management

IntroductionA range of clinical features characterizes Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP), but it is important to note that many individuals with MVP are asymptomatic and may remain so throughout their lives. For those who do exhibit symptoms, the following are the key clinical features:Palpitations: This is a common symptom where individuals feel an irregular or rapid heartbeat. Palpitations in MVP are often due to arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular tachycardia.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Menopausal symptoms.

Edward P Morris1, Nikolaos Burbos

  • 1Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence
|July 2, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This systematic review evaluates medical and non-prescribed treatments for menopausal symptoms, including hot flushes. It synthesizes evidence on the effectiveness and safety of various interventions for women experiencing menopause.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

  • Menopause is a natural physiological transition, with symptom onset typically between 45.5-47.5 years in the UK.
  • Menopausal symptoms like hot flushes affect approximately 70% of women and can persist for years.
  • While endocrine changes are permanent, symptom duration varies significantly among individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the clinical effectiveness and safety of medical treatments for menopausal symptoms.
  • To assess the efficacy and safety of non-prescribed treatments for managing menopausal symptoms.
  • To provide evidence-based information on interventions for women experiencing menopause.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a systematic literature review searching Medline, Embase, and The Cochrane Library up to March 2009.
  • Included 68 systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and observational studies.
  • Incorporated safety alerts from regulatory agencies like the FDA and MHRA.

Main Results:

  • Evaluated the quality of evidence for various interventions using the GRADE system.
  • Synthesized findings on the effectiveness and safety of multiple treatments.
  • Identified interventions including hormone therapies, antidepressants, and herbal remedies.

Conclusions:

  • Presents a comprehensive overview of the effectiveness and safety of interventions for menopausal symptoms.
  • Includes evidence for treatments such as oestrogens, progestogens, testosterone, tibolone, antidepressants, black cohosh, agnus castus, clonidine, and phytoestrogens.
  • Provides critical information for clinicians and patients regarding menopausal symptom management.