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Related Concept Videos

Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in different ways based on the...
Cause and Effect01:53

Cause and Effect

While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
Bias01:22

Bias

Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
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Correspondence Bias01:17

Correspondence Bias

Correspondence bias, also referred to as the fundamental attribution error, describes the tendency to attribute another person’s behavior to internal characteristics rather than situational influences. This cognitive bias leads individuals to overlook external factors that may be influencing actions, thereby fostering potentially inaccurate assessments of others’ intentions and dispositions.Empirical Evidence for Correspondence BiasResearch has consistently demonstrated the prevalence of...
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Actor-Observer Effect

The actor-observer effect, a cognitive bias closely linked to the fundamental attribution error, refers to the tendency for individuals to attribute their behavior to external, situational factors while explaining others’ behavior in terms of internal, dispositional traits. This asymmetry in attribution significantly influences social perception and judgment.Cognitive Mechanisms Behind the EffectTwo primary psychological mechanisms contribute to the actor-observer effect: differences in visual...
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
07:36

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

Published on: November 30, 2018

Processing temporary syntactic ambiguity: the effect of contextual bias.

Mohamed Taha Mohamed1, Charles Clifton

  • 1Department of Psychology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. taham2003@hotmail.com

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006)
|July 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study on sentence processing found that readers quickly form an initial interpretation, even with ambiguous grammar. Context influences later processing stages, supporting a race model of language comprehension.

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Computational Linguistics
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Syntactic ambiguity presents challenges in language comprehension.
  • Previous models include garden-path and constraint-satisfaction approaches.
  • Understanding how readers resolve temporary ambiguity is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the processing of temporary syntactic ambiguity in sentences.
  • To examine the role of verb subcategorization and contextual support in resolving ambiguity.
  • To test predictions of different computational models of sentence processing.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments using self-paced reading.
  • Sentences featured temporary ambiguity between direct object and sentence complement analyses.
  • Contexts were manipulated to be preferred, unpreferred, or conflicting for ambiguity resolution.

Main Results:

  • Reading times for ambiguous noun phrases were similar to unambiguous ones, regardless of context.
  • Later sentence regions, disambiguating the structure, showed effects of context and ambiguity.
  • The interaction suggests context influences the speed of analysis construction.

Conclusions:

  • Results challenge simple garden-path and competitive models.
  • Findings support a race model where multiple factors influence initial analysis speed.
  • This provides insights into the dynamic nature of sentence comprehension.