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Related Concept Videos

Dementia l: Introduction01:22

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
Dementia01:30

Dementia

Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
The progression of dementia is generally gradual.
Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction01:29

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
The clinical diagnosis of AD hinges on the presence of memory and other cognitive impairments. Biomarkers, such as changes in Aβ and tau...
Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...

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Updated: May 31, 2026

Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans
08:29

Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans

Published on: December 18, 2016

Dementia.

James P Warner1, Rob Butler, Susham Gupta

  • 1Honorary Reader in Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence
|July 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This systematic review evaluates treatments for dementia, including Alzheimer's and vascular dementia, assessing their effects on cognitive and behavioral symptoms. It covers various interventions from medications to therapies, informing clinical practice.

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The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease
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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans
08:29

Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans

Published on: December 18, 2016

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease
06:23

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: October 13, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Dementia is a progressive neurodegenerative condition characterized by irreversible decline in cognitive functions, memory, and personality.
  • It can also manifest with impaired speech and motor skills, significantly impacting patient quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the effectiveness and safety of various treatments for cognitive and behavioral symptoms in dementia.
  • To answer clinical questions regarding interventions for Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia, and vascular dementia.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted across major databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library) up to April 2008.
  • Included studies comprised systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and observational studies.
  • GRADE methodology was employed to evaluate the quality of evidence for different interventions.

Main Results:

  • 33 relevant studies met the inclusion criteria for the review.
  • Evidence quality was assessed using the GRADE system.
  • A wide range of interventions were evaluated, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches.

Conclusions:

  • The review presents findings on the effectiveness and safety of numerous dementia treatments.
  • Interventions analyzed include acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and cognitive therapies.
  • Other evaluated treatments encompass aromatherapy, exercise, Ginkgo biloba, memantine, and mood stabilizers.