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Flail Chest-I

Flail Chest-I

Overview of Flail Chest
Flail chest is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the fracture of three or more adjacent ribs in multiple places. It is most commonly caused by direct impacts and trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or injuries from a steering wheel impact. It can also occur due to falls in elderly individuals with osteoporosis, or assaults involving sharp objects.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of flail chest is complex, involving fractures of...

Fractures: Bone Repair

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...

Flail Chest-II

Flail Chest-II

Managing flail chest, a condition characterized by a segment of the chest wall moving independently from the rest of the thoracic cage, requires a comprehensive approach. It includes a thorough assessment of the patient's condition, a diagnostic evaluation to determine the extent of the injury, and the implementation of appropriate medical interventions tailored to the individual's needs.
Assessment:
1. Clinical Evaluation:
History:

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Imaging of the Microstructural Failure Mechanism in the Human Hip

Imaging of the Microstructural Failure Mechanism in the Human Hip

Published on: September 29, 2023

Hip fracture.

David Oliver¹, Richard Griffiths, James Roche

¹Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence

|July 6, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hip fracture interventions, including surgery, medical care, and rehabilitation, were reviewed. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness and safety of various treatments to improve outcomes for hip fracture patients.

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Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Geriatric Medicine
Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

Hip fractures are associated with high mortality (12-37%) and significant morbidity, leading to increased dependency in survivors.
Effective management strategies are crucial to improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare burden.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the effects of surgical, perisurgical medical, and rehabilitation interventions for hip fracture patients.
To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a wide range of interventions for hip fracture management.

Main Methods:

A systematic review of 55 studies including systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and observational studies.
Searched major databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library) up to April 2009.
Included harms alerts from regulatory agencies (FDA, MHRA).

Main Results:

Evaluated 55 studies meeting inclusion criteria.
Performed GRADE evaluation for the quality of evidence for various interventions.
Identified numerous interventions for hip fracture management.

Conclusions:

The review synthesizes evidence on the effectiveness and safety of diverse hip fracture interventions.
Interventions reviewed include anesthesia, surgical fixation, medical prophylaxis, and various rehabilitation approaches.
Coordinated multidisciplinary care and early supported discharge show promise for older hip fracture patients.