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Related Concept Videos

System of Memory01:23

System of Memory

Memory is categorized into three major systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). These systems differ in their capacity and the duration for which they can hold information. Sensory memory captures raw sensory input from the environment, holding it for just a few seconds or less. For example, on hearing a brief, loud sound, like a car horn honking, the sound seems to linger in the mind for a moment even after it stops. This is an instance of sensory memory...
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
Storage01:23

Storage

A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze each...
Understanding Memory01:19

Understanding Memory

Memory is the retention of information or experiences over time, facilitated through three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the process of inputting information into the memory system. For instance, when listening to a lecture, watching a play, reading a book, or having a conversation, the brain is actively encoding information. This initial stage involves transforming sensory input into a form that can be processed and stored by the brain. Various factors, such as...
Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of information more...
Retrieval01:12

Retrieval

Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness. This ability is essential for daily tasks like brushing hair and teeth, driving to work, and performing job duties. Retrieval occurs in three ways: recall, recognition, and relearning.
Recall involves accessing information without cues, such as during an essay test, where individuals must retrieve facts and concepts from memory unaided. Another example is remembering the name of a colleague...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
07:26

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Published on: January 31, 2017

Memory transformation and systems consolidation.

Gordon Winocur1, Morris Moscovitch

  • 1Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Canada. gwinocur@rotman-baycrest.on.ca

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS
|July 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Memories reorganize over time through systems consolidation. New evidence supports the transformation hypothesis, suggesting memories change form rather than just moving to new brain areas.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Systems consolidation describes memory reorganization involving neuronal networks.
  • Standard consolidation theory (SCT) posits memories consolidate in their original form outside the hippocampus.
  • Neuropsychological evidence challenges the traditional view of memory consolidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the principles of Standard Consolidation Theory (SCT).
  • To present neuropsychological evidence contradicting SCT.
  • To support the alternative transformation hypothesis of memory consolidation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing neuropsychological literature.
  • Analysis of evidence related to memory reorganization and systems consolidation.
  • Comparison of predictions from SCT and the transformation hypothesis.

Main Results:

  • Evidence was found that is not predicted by Standard Consolidation Theory (SCT).
  • The transformation hypothesis offers a better account for observed memory changes.
  • Episodic memories transform into semantic or gist-like forms in extra-hippocampal structures.

Conclusions:

  • Memory consolidation involves transformation, not just relocation.
  • The hippocampus is crucial for episodic memory but not semantic memory retrieval.
  • A comprehensive memory theory must consider dynamic changes and neural interactions.