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A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
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Adaptive episodic memory: how multiple memory representations drive behavior in humans and nonhumans.

Hannah Tarder-Stoll1,2, Melanie J Sekeres3, Brian Levine1,4

  • 1Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Academy for Research and Education, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

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Episodic memory involves multiple representations encoded at different granularities. Their balance determines if a memory is reproduced or reconstructed, driving adaptive behavior.

Keywords:
cross-species comparisonepisodic memoryhippocampusmedial prefrontal cortexschemas

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Episodic memory, recalling specific past experiences, includes objective and subjective details.
  • Memory representations can vary in granularity, from precise to gist-like.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how multiple memory representations at different granularities are encoded and retrieved.
  • To explore how representational flexibility drives adaptive behavior.
  • To examine the neural basis of memory representation and retrieval across species.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing research on episodic memory in humans and non-human animals.
  • Analysis of psychological and neural correlates of memory encoding, consolidation, and retrieval.
  • Integration of findings on hippocampal and medial prefrontal cortex roles.

Main Results:

  • Multiple memory representations are simultaneously encoded and their weighting influences reproduction versus reconstruction.
  • Representational flexibility allows adaptation based on memory age, prior knowledge, and task demands.
  • Hippocampal activity supports detailed memory reproduction, while medial prefrontal cortex supports reconstruction and generalization.

Conclusions:

  • The balance between stability and flexibility in memory representations, supported by neural mechanisms, drives adaptive behavior.
  • Cross-species research reveals conserved principles in episodic memory processing.
  • Individual and species differences shape memory representations and adaptive behavior.