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Related Concept Videos

Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...
Prokaryotic Gene Structure and Organization01:28

Prokaryotic Gene Structure and Organization

Prokaryotic genomes exhibit a streamlined organization of coding and non-coding regions essential for gene expression and protein synthesis. While coding regions contain the genetic instructions for proteins or functional RNAs, non-coding regions regulate the precise transcription and translation of these genes.Coding Regions: Proteins and RNAsThe primary coding regions, known as structural genes, include sequences transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) and ultimately translated into...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data
08:23

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

Published on: February 18, 2022

Coding vs non-coding: Translatability of short ORFs found in putative non-coding transcripts.

Yuji Kageyama1, Takefumi Kondo, Yoshiko Hashimoto

  • 1Okazaki Institute for Integrated Biosciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Myodaiji-Higashiyama, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan. kageyama@nibb.ac.jp

Biochimie
|July 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Distinguishing small peptide-coding messenger RNAs (mRNAs) from non-coding RNAs is crucial. This review explores computational and experimental methods to validate the coding potential of these small transcripts.

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data
08:23

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

Published on: February 18, 2022

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
10:56

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Published on: May 17, 2014

An Integrated Approach for Microprotein Identification and Sequence Analysis
09:37

An Integrated Approach for Microprotein Identification and Sequence Analysis

Published on: July 12, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Genome analysis reveals numerous transcripts lacking long open reading frames (ORFs), initially presumed non-coding.
  • The discovery of small peptide-coding mRNAs challenges this assumption, highlighting their potential biological significance.
  • Differentiating these small peptide-coding mRNAs from non-coding RNAs is a key challenge in functional genomics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review computational and experimental methodologies for validating the coding potential of small peptide-coding RNAs.
  • To address the complexities in assessing the translatability of short open reading frames (ORFs).

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of computational approaches for analyzing short ORF sequences.
  • Overview of experimental techniques to confirm RNA translatability.
  • Comparative analysis of different validation strategies.

Main Results:

  • Short ORFs pose challenges for traditional computational analysis.
  • A combination of computational and experimental methods is often required for accurate validation.
  • Existing methods provide a framework for assessing coding potential.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate identification of small peptide-coding RNAs is essential for understanding their biological roles.
  • Further refinement of validation techniques is needed to improve the accuracy of functional genomics.
  • This review provides a comprehensive guide to current methods for assessing RNA coding potential.