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Related Concept Videos

Viscosity of Fluid01:19

Viscosity of Fluid

Viscosity measures the resistance a fluid offers to flow and deformation. It results from internal friction between layers of fluid moving relative to one another. Dynamic viscosity, denoted by the Greek letter mu (μ), quantifies the force needed to move one fluid layer over another. For Newtonian fluids like water and air, the relationship between the shearing stress and the rate of shearing strain is linear, meaning their viscosity remains constant regardless of the applied stress.
Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Blood Flow-Limited Versus Diffusion-Limited Models00:57

Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Blood Flow-Limited Versus Diffusion-Limited Models

Physiological pharmacokinetic models, often called flow-limited or perfusion models, typically assume a swift drug distribution between tissue and venous blood, creating a rapid drug equilibrium. This premise is based on the idea that drug diffusion is extremely fast, and the cell membrane presents no barrier to drug permeation. In this scenario, where no drug binding occurs, the drug concentration in the tissue equals that of the venous blood leaving the tissue. This greatly simplifies the...
Development of Blood Vessels01:07

Development of Blood Vessels

The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
The initial formation of this system is facilitated by the small amount of yolk present in the ovum and yolk sac. Blood vessels originate from...
Applications of Integration to Find Blood Flow01:27

Applications of Integration to Find Blood Flow

Blood flow through a cylindrical blood vessel can be mathematically described using the principles of laminar flow, a regime in which fluid moves smoothly in parallel layers. In this model, the velocity of the blood is not uniform across the cross-section of the vessel; rather, it varies with the radial distance from the center. The maximum velocity occurs along the central axis, decreasing progressively toward the vessel walls, where it reaches zero due to viscous drag.Approximating Blood...
Viscosity01:17

Viscosity

When water is poured into a glass, it falls freely and quickly, whereas if honey or maple syrup is poured over a pancake, it flows slowly and sticks to the surface of the container. This difference in the flow of different kinds of liquids arises due to the fluid friction between the liquid layers and the liquid and the surrounding material. This property of fluids is called fluid viscosity. In this example, water has a lower viscosity than honey and maple syrup.
The SI unit of viscosity is...
Viscosity01:27

Viscosity

Viscosity is a property of fluids that measures their resistance to flow. It is influenced by factors such as the surface area of contact, the gradient of flow speed, and the fluid's viscosity constant, called the coefficient of viscosity. The coefficient of viscosity, also known as dynamic viscosity, is denoted by the symbol η. It determines the proportionality between the viscous force and the gradient of flow speed.Newton's law of viscosity states that the viscous force on a faster-moving...

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An In Vitro Hemodynamic Loop Model to Investigate the Hemocytocompatibility and Host Cell Activation of Vascular Medical Devices
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Predicting human blood viscosity in silico.

Dmitry A Fedosov1, Wenxiao Pan, Bruce Caswell

  • 1Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Blood viscosity, crucial for disease understanding, is now predictable using advanced models. These models reveal how red blood cell structures impact viscosity, aiding disease diagnosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Computational Biology
  • Rheology

Background:

  • Blood viscosity is a key indicator in disease understanding and treatment.
  • Modern viscometers offer clinical convenience, but theoretical understanding of blood's microrheology and biomolecular connections lags.
  • Quantitative links between blood viscosity and biomolecules like fibrinogen require further theoretical development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop theoretical models for predicting blood viscosity based on red blood cell behavior.
  • To quantitatively understand the microrheology of blood and its relation to cell aggregation and biomolecules.
  • To explore the connection between red blood cell structures, their dynamics, and blood viscosity anomalies in disease.

Main Methods:

  • Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations were employed.
  • Two distinct red blood cell models were utilized to simulate blood flow.
  • Explicit representation of cell-cell interactions and reversible rouleaux structures was incorporated.

Main Results:

  • Accurate prediction of blood viscosity dependence on shear rate and hematocrit.
  • Identification of reversible rouleaux structures as a cause for increased viscosity at low shear rates.
  • Quantitative estimation of red blood cell adhesive forces and support for yield stress as an indicator of cell aggregation.

Conclusions:

  • The developed models accurately predict non-Newtonian blood behavior, linking it to microstructure and cell dynamics.
  • Simulations provide insights into complex cell deformations and conformations at intermediate shear rates.
  • The models offer a pathway for predicting blood viscosity anomalies and associated microstructures in diseases like malaria, AIDS, and diabetes mellitus, and can be adapted for other complex fluids.