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Introduction to Psychological Disorders

Introduction to Psychological Disorders

Abnormal behavior, often referred to as mental illness, results from changes in brain function that influence thought patterns, behaviors, and social interactions. Psychologists and psychiatrists typically assess abnormal behavior using three primary criteria: deviance, maladaptation, and personal distress, particularly when these traits persist over long periods.
Deviant Behavior
Deviance in behavior refers to actions or thought patterns that significantly diverge from societal norms or...

Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorder

Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorder

The development of psychological disorders, which are characterized by deviant, maladaptive, and personally distressing behaviors, has been explored through several theoretical approaches.
Biological approach
The biological approach posits that internal, organic factors are the primary causes of such disorders. This perspective emphasizes brain structure and function, genetic predispositions, and neurotransmitter imbalances. For example, schizophrenia has been associated with both genetic...

Aggression

Aggression

Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for hire...

Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality

Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality

The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
Psychodynamic theorists argue that unconscious...

Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia

Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...

Defining Psychology

Defining Psychology

Psychology is the scientific discipline dedicated to understanding both observable behavior and the internal mental processes underlying such behavior. It aims to comprehend human nature and apply this understanding to solve practical problems, enhance well-being, and improve societal outcomes. An example of psychology's application is the study of prosocial behavior, such as why and under what conditions individuals might help strangers in need. This process involves describing observed...

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The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

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Violence in India: a psychological perspective.

¹Deputy Director, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bangalore - 560 012.

Indian Journal of Psychiatry

|July 12, 2011

Summary

Intraspecific violence is a biological phenomenon, with humans possessing innate capacities for morality and empathy. Societal changes in India are weakening these capacities, increasing youth susceptibility to aggression.

Keywords:

aggression alienation communalism empathy leadership militant enthusiasm morality terrorism violence

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Area of Science:

Psychology
Ethology
Sociology

Background:

Intraspecific violence is a recognized biological phenomenon in nature.
Higher animals possess innate aggression programs influenced by environmental triggers.
Humans have a biological capacity for morality and empathy, observable from early childhood.

Purpose of the Study:

To psychologically examine the factors contributing to violence in India.
To explore the impact of weakening cultural values on youth aggression.
To discuss psychologically-rooted strategies for violence reduction in India.

Main Methods:

In-depth psychological examination of violence in India.
Analysis of the interplay between cultural change, social factors, and aggression.
Review of existing literature on biological and social determinants of violence.

Main Results:

Rapid social change and value erosion in India contribute to youth alienation and meaninglessness.
Weakened moral and empathic inclinations increase susceptibility to aggression among Indian youth.
Societal and cultural factors significantly influence the expression of violence.

Conclusions:

Addressing violence in India requires understanding its psychological roots and societal influences.
Strengthening moral and empathic capacities through societal and familial support is crucial.
Psychologically informed interventions are necessary to mitigate violence and promote prosocial behavior.