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Related Concept Videos

Limits to Natural Selection01:38

Limits to Natural Selection

Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
Conservation of Small Populations02:04

Conservation of Small Populations

Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens the chances of survival under pressures such as climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. Large populations are more likely to survive pressures such as these, as such populations are more likely to harbor individuals that have genetic variants that are adaptive under new stresses. Small populations are much less likely to...
Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
Inclusive Fitness00:57

Inclusive Fitness

Most altruistic behavior—in which one animal helps another at a cost to themselves—occurs between relatives. Scientists think these altruistic behaviors evolved because they increase the inclusive fitness of the animal providing help.
Natural Selection and Mating Preferences01:06

Natural Selection and Mating Preferences

The principle of natural selection posits that organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. This principle is closely intertwined with mating preferences, a key aspect of sexual selection, which evolutionary psychologists believe is driven by instincts to propagate one's genes. Such instincts significantly influence mating behaviors and preferences between genders.
Females, due to their biological roles in conception, pregnancy, and nursing, inherently...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Protocol for Assessing the Relative Effects of Environment and Genetics on Antler and Body Growth for a Long-lived Cervid
09:09

Protocol for Assessing the Relative Effects of Environment and Genetics on Antler and Body Growth for a Long-lived Cervid

Published on: August 8, 2017

Restricting inbreeding while maintaining selection response for weight gain in Mus musculus.

A Moreno1, C Salgado, P Piqueras

  • 1Departamento de Producción Animal, ETS Ingenieros Agrónomos, UPM, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain.

Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics = Zeitschrift Fur Tierzuchtung Und Zuchtungsbiologie
|July 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Weighted selection and minimum coancestry mating in mice effectively reduced inbreeding rates and improved fitness traits compared to random mating selection methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Animal breeding and genetics
  • Quantitative genetics
  • Population genetics

Background:

  • Minimizing inbreeding is crucial in animal breeding programs to maintain genetic diversity and avoid detrimental effects on fitness.
  • Different selection strategies can influence the rate of inbreeding and subsequent genetic responses.
  • Understanding the efficiency of various selection methods is key to optimizing breeding outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the relative efficiency of three distinct selection methods in minimizing inbreeding depression during artificial selection.
  • To compare the impact of individual selection, weighted selection, and minimum coancestry mating on inbreeding levels and fitness traits in mice.

Main Methods:

  • A population of common house mice (Mus musculus) was subjected to 17 generations of selection for increased weight gain.
  • Mice were randomly assigned to three lines (A, B, C) employing: 1) individual selection with random mating, 2) weighted selection with random mating, and 3) individual selection with minimum coancestry mating.
  • Three replicates were maintained for each selection line, with inbreeding levels and fitness traits (intrauterine and birth mortality) recorded.

Main Results:

  • All three selection methods achieved similar cumulative selection responses for weight gain.
  • Method A (individual selection, random mating) resulted in the highest inbreeding level (31.24%), followed by Method C (27.88%) and Method B (24.72%).
  • Lines B (weighted selection) and C (minimum coancestry) exhibited significantly lower deterioration in fitness traits compared to Line A.

Conclusions:

  • Weighted selection and minimum coancestry mating are more effective than simple individual selection with random mating at reducing inbreeding rates in mouse populations.
  • Lower inbreeding levels achieved through methods B and C correlate with improved reproductive fitness, indicated by reduced intrauterine and birth mortality.
  • These findings have implications for designing efficient breeding strategies in livestock and conservation programs to mitigate inbreeding depression.