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Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
α-Bromination of Carboxylic Acids: Hell–Volhard–Zelinski Reaction01:15

α-Bromination of Carboxylic Acids: Hell–Volhard–Zelinski Reaction

The method to achieve α-brominated carboxylic acids using a mixture of phosphorus tribromide and bromine is known as the Hell–Volhard–Zelinski reaction. The reaction is catalyzed by phosphorus tribromide, which can be used directly or produced in situ from red phosphorus and bromine. The mechanism comprises PBr3 catalyzed conversion of acid to acid bromide and hydrogen bromide. The acid bromide enolizes to its enol form in the presence of HBr. The nucleophilic enol attacks the bromine molecule...
Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...
Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation02:38

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

Introduction
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.

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Butane-1,4-diaminium bis-[3,4,5,6-tetra-chloro-2-(meth-oxy-carbon-yl)benzoate].

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2011
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Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines
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Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

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4-Bromo-anilinium hydrogen phthalate.

Zu Pei Liang1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|July 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the crystal structure of a bromo-substituted organic salt. It reveals specific dihedral angles and highlights the formation of a 2D network through hydrogen bonding between cations and anions.

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Synthesis and Characterization of 1,2-Dithiolane Modified Self-Assembling Peptides

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines
10:42

Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

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Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
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Synthesis and Characterization of 1,2-Dithiolane Modified Self-Assembling Peptides

Published on: August 20, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding the solid-state structure of organic salts is crucial for predicting their physical and chemical properties.
  • Bromo-substituted organic compounds are valuable in materials science and medicinal chemistry.
  • Hydrogen bonding plays a key role in the self-assembly of crystalline materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(6)H(7)BrN(+)·C(8)H(5)O(4) (-).
  • To analyze the molecular conformation, specifically the dihedral angles between the benzene ring and carboxylate/carboxylic acid groups.
  • To investigate the intermolecular interactions, particularly hydrogen bonding, that govern crystal packing.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the three-dimensional crystal structure.
  • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles provided insights into molecular geometry.
  • Intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonds, were identified and characterized.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure of the title compound was successfully determined.
  • Dihedral angles of 20.6(3)° and 83.2(3)° were observed between the benzene ring and the -COOH and -COO(-) groups, respectively, in the anion.
  • Intermolecular N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds were identified, leading to the formation of a two-dimensional network parallel to the (001) plane.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a detailed structural characterization of the title organic salt.
  • The observed dihedral angles indicate a specific conformational preference in the solid state.
  • The identified 2D hydrogen-bonded network offers insights into the supramolecular assembly and potential material properties.