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Stereoisomers

Stereoisomers

On the basis of mirror symmetry, stereoisomers of an organic molecule can be further classified into diastereomers and enantiomers. Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other. Substituted alkenes, such as the cis and trans isomers of 2-butene, are diastereomers, as these molecules exhibit different spatial orientations of their constituent atoms, are not mirror images of each other, and do not interconvert. Here, the interconversion is suppressed due to restricted...

Isomerism

Isomerism

Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements. Isomers can be further classified into constitutional isomers and stereoisomers. Constitutional isomers differ in the connectivity of their constituent atoms. For example, 2-butanol and diethyl ether are constitutional isomers, as they have the same chemical formula, C4H10O, but differ in the connectivity of the carbon and oxygen atoms. Constitutional isomers have different physical and chemical...

Stereoisomerism

Stereoisomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...

Isothermal Processes

Isothermal Processes

A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant temperature is called an isothermal process. Heat slowly flows into the system or out of the system to maintain thermal equilibrium. Processes involving phase changes like water evaporation into steam or freezing water into ice at a constant temperature are examples of Isothermal Processes.
An ideal gas can also undergo isothermal expansion or compression.
For example, consider 1 mole of an ideal gas inside an isolated cylinder at initial volume V...

Structural Isomerism

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can be...

Isochoric and Isobaric Processes

Isochoric and Isobaric Processes

A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant volume is called an isochoric process. According to the first law of thermodynamics, heat supplied or removed from the system is partially utilized to perform work and change the internal energy of the system. However, in an isochoric process, the volume remains constant. Hence, the work done by the system is zero. Therefore, the exchange of heat changes the internal energy of the system only.
Suppose 1000 g of water is heated from 40 degrees...

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High-Throughput Cellular Profiling of Targeted Protein Degradation Compounds Using HiBiT CRISPR Cell Lines

High-Throughput Cellular Profiling of Targeted Protein Degradation Compounds Using HiBiT CRISPR Cell Lines

Published on: November 9, 2020

Ikaros isoforms: The saga continues.

Zhanjun Li¹, Laura A Perez-Casellas, Aleksandar Savic

¹Zhanjun Li, Chunhua Song, Sinisa Dovat, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University,College of Medicine, H085, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, United States.

World Journal of Biological Chemistry

|July 19, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The Ikaros gene produces multiple proteins, including IK-1 and IK-H. IK-H, found in humans but not mice, has unique DNA-binding properties that regulate Ikaros activity and gene expression.

Keywords:

Chromatin, Pericentromeric IK-H Ikaros Leukemia Transcription γ satellite

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A Guide to Production, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of Human IKK1/α

A Guide to Production, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of Human IKK1/α

Published on: November 2, 2018

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High-Throughput Cellular Profiling of Targeted Protein Degradation Compounds Using HiBiT CRISPR Cell Lines

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A Guide to Production, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of Human IKK1/α

A Guide to Production, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of Human IKK1/α

Published on: November 2, 2018

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Hematopoiesis

Background:

The Ikaros gene (IKZF1) generates diverse protein isoforms via alternative splicing.
These Ikaros isoforms are crucial for hematopoiesis and possess tumor suppressor functions.
Complexes formed by different Ikaros isoforms are thought to mediate distinct cellular activities.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the regulatory role of the largest Ikaros isoforms, IK-1 and IK-H, in Ikaros gene activity.
To characterize the distinct biochemical and functional properties of the IK-H isoform.
To explore the implications of differential Ikaros isoform expression between human and murine hematopoietic cells.

Main Methods:

Comparative analysis of Ikaros isoform expression in human and murine hematopoietic cells.
Biochemical assays to determine DNA-binding characteristics of IK-1 and IK-H.
Chromatin localization studies using microscopy.
Functional assays assessing gene regulation (upregulation and repression) and DNA-silencing activity.

Main Results:

The longest Ikaros isoform, IK-H, contains unique residues from exon 3B, conferring distinct DNA-binding properties compared to IK-1.
IK-H can modulate the DNA-binding activity of IK-1, either potentiating or inhibiting it.
IK-H binds to regulatory regions of Ikaros-upregulated genes and exhibits anti-silencing activity on gamma satellite DNA.
IK-H localizes to both pericentromeric and non-pericentromeric regions, unlike IK-1 which localizes to pericentromeric heterochromatin.
IK-H is abundant in human hematopoietic cells but absent in murine counterparts.

Conclusions:

The coordinated expression of IK-1 and IK-H significantly regulates Ikaros activity in humans.
IK-H possesses unique functional properties, including distinct DNA-binding and localization patterns, influencing gene expression and chromatin structure.
The species-specific expression of IK-H suggests that Ikaros function in human hematopoiesis is more complex and potentially divergent from that in mice.