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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

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Dual ectopic thyroid with normally located thyroid: a case report.

Bipul Kumar Choudhury¹, Uma Kaimal Saikia, Dipti Sarma

¹Department of Endocrinology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam 781032, India.

Journal of Thyroid Research

|July 19, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This case report details a rare dual ectopic thyroid presentation in a teenager with a normally located, hypoplastic thyroid. The study highlights unusual thyroid tissue locations causing midline neck swelling and hypothyroidism.

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Medical Genetics
Surgical Pathology

Background:

Thyroid ectopia, the aberrant location of thyroid tissue, is a rare congenital anomaly.
Dual ectopic thyroid, involving two distinct sites of ectopic thyroid tissue, is exceptionally uncommon.
The coexistence of dual ectopic thyroid with a normally located, albeit hypoplastic, thyroid gland is exceedingly rare in medical literature.

Observation:

A 17-year-old female presented with a midline swelling at the base of her tongue, accompanied by dysphagia.
Physical examination revealed a palpable mass, and thyroid function tests indicated primary hypothyroidism.
Neck ultrasonography demonstrated a hypoplastic thyroid gland in its orthotopic position.

Findings:

A Technetium-99m pertechnetate thyroid scan identified two intensely hyperfunctioning foci of ectopic thyroid tissue.
These foci were located in the midline, one at the base of the tongue (lingual thyroid) and the other in the submental region (submandibular area).
Significantly, no radioisotope uptake was observed in the thyroid's normal anatomical location, suggesting the ectopic tissues were the primary source of thyroid hormone production.

Implications:

This case expands the understanding of the spectrum of thyroid ectopia and its varied presentations.
It underscores the importance of advanced imaging techniques, like thyroid scintigraphy, in diagnosing complex ectopic thyroid conditions.
The findings emphasize the need for thorough diagnostic evaluation in cases of congenital hypothyroidism and midline neck masses to identify potentially rare anatomical variations.