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Updated: May 30, 2026
Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
Published on: September 27, 2020
Developmental and behavioral disorders through the life span
David S Stein1, Nathan J Blum, William J Barbaresi
1Division of Developmental Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. david.stein@childrens.harvard.edu
Insights
Pediatricians can improve long-term outcomes for children with developmental and behavioral disorders, including intellectual disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, by understanding adult trajectories and implementing evidence-based practices.
Area of Science:
- Developmental Pediatrics
- Behavioral Health
- Child Neurology
Background:
- Developmental and behavioral disorders (DBDs) like intellectual disability (ID), learning disabilities (LD), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are common, lifelong conditions.
- Pediatricians require enhanced knowledge to address parental concerns regarding the long-term prognosis and potential for improved outcomes in these disorders.
Purpose of the Study:
- To equip clinicians with a comprehensive understanding of the adult outcomes associated with ID, LD, and ADHD.
- To review current research on factors influencing vocational, social, and health trajectories in adults with these conditions.
- To provide actionable practice recommendations for optimizing adult outcomes.
Main Methods:
- State-of-the-art literature review.
- Synthesis of current research on predictors and mediators of adult outcomes.
- Development of evidence-based practice recommendations.
Main Results:
- Detailed overview of adult outcomes across vocational, social, and health domains for individuals with ID, LD, and ADHD.
- Identification of key factors that predict or influence long-term success and well-being.
- Evidence-based strategies for clinical practice are presented.
Conclusions:
- Understanding the long-term course of developmental and behavioral disorders is crucial for pediatric care.
- Targeted interventions and support can significantly improve adult outcomes for individuals with ID, LD, and ADHD.
- Clinicians are empowered with knowledge and recommendations to optimize patient trajectories.
Abstract:
Developmental and behavioral disorders including intellectual disability, learning disabilities, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are highly prevalent, chronic health conditions. Despite being versed in caring for children with these conditions, pediatricians might be less prepared for challenging questions from families about the long-term course of these conditions and what can be done to improve outcomes. Through this state-of-the-art review, we provide clinicians with an understanding of the course of these conditions and adult outcomes in several areas including vocational, social, and health domains. We also provide a review of the most current research examining factors that predict or mediate adult outcomes for people with intellectual disability, learning disabilities, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. On the basis of the current literature, we offer practice recommendations aimed at optimizing adult outcomes for those with these disorders.
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