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Related Concept Videos

Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

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Spin current in generic hybrid structures due to interfacial spin-orbit scattering.

Jacob Linder1, Takehito Yokoyama

  • 1Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.

Physical Review Letters
|July 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Injecting charge current into hybrid structures generates a pure spin current parallel to the interface. This occurs due to broken mirror symmetry and spin-orbit coupling, deflecting electrons based on their spin. The study analyzes this effect and its influence in superconducting materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Spintronics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Hybrid structures are crucial for advanced electronic devices.
  • Understanding spin current generation is key for spintronics.
  • Spin-orbit coupling plays a significant role in electron behavior at interfaces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a general principle of pure spin current generation in hybrid structures.
  • To establish an analytical condition for this spin current phenomenon.
  • To investigate the influence of Andreev reflection in superconducting hybrid structures.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of charge current injection into hybrid structures.
  • Derivation of a general analytical condition for pure spin current.
  • Explicit calculation of transverse spin current using two distinct theoretical models.
  • Investigation of Andreev reflection effects in superconducting scenarios.

Main Results:

  • A pure spin current invariably flows parallel to the interface in hybrid structures under charge current injection.
  • Broken mirror symmetry at the interface leads to spin-orbit coupling, causing spin-dependent electron deflection.
  • A general analytical condition for the emergence of this pure spin current was established.
  • The transverse spin current was explicitly calculated, and its behavior under Andreev reflection in superconducting systems was analyzed.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals a fundamental principle governing spin current generation in hybrid materials.
  • Spin-orbit coupling, driven by broken symmetry, is the underlying mechanism for spin-selective electron transport.
  • The findings have implications for designing novel spintronic devices and understanding electron behavior in complex material interfaces, including those with superconductivity.