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Related Concept Videos

Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...
Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
Sensory Modalities01:15

Sensory Modalities

Sensation typically is the process by which the sensory receptors and sense organs detect stimuli from the internal and external environment and transmit this information to the central nervous system for processing.
General senses refer to the broad category of sensory information detected by receptors in the body and can be further grouped into somatic and visceral senses. Somatic sensations include touch, pressure, temperature, and pain and are essential for navigating our environment and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis
13:51

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis

Published on: November 9, 2011

Cross-modal training induces changes in spatial representations early in the auditory processing pathway.

Patrick Bruns1, Ronja Liebnau, Brigitte Röder

  • 1Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, Germany. patrick.bruns@uni-hamburg.de

Psychological Science
|July 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The ventriloquism aftereffect shows how our brains adapt to mismatched audio-visual cues. This study found that early auditory processing (N100) changes rapidly after experiencing spatial discrepancies.

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07:14

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Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

Published on: October 22, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Auditory Perception
  • Cross-modal Plasticity

Background:

  • The ventriloquism aftereffect demonstrates rapid sensory adaptation, where auditory localization shifts towards visual stimuli.
  • Maintaining coherent spatial representations across senses is crucial for perception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the specific stage of auditory processing affected by audiovisual spatial discrepancy training.
  • To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying the ventriloquism aftereffect using event-related potentials (ERPs).

Main Methods:

  • Participants underwent training with synchronous audiovisual stimuli featuring a 15° spatial disparity.
  • Behavioral sound localization was assessed before and after training.
  • Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during auditory stimulus presentation.

Main Results:

  • A significant sound localization shift towards visual stimuli (ventriloquism aftereffect) was observed.
  • Auditory ERPs, specifically the N100 component occurring around 100 ms poststimulus, were modulated by the training.
  • This modulation occurred early in the auditory processing stream.

Conclusions:

  • Cross-modal learning, as demonstrated by the ventriloquism aftereffect, impacts early auditory cortical processing.
  • These findings suggest that the auditory system rapidly adapts to audiovisual spatial discrepancies.