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Muscles that Move the Arm

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

Residual Stresses in Circular Shafts

Residual Stresses in Circular Shafts

In materials that exhibit elastic and plastic behavior, known as elastoplastic materials, residual stresses can accumulate when these materials experience plastic deformation. This deformation arises from either high levels of shearing stress or significant strains. Residual stresses are internal stresses that persist within a material after removing the external force causing deformation. This phenomenon is demonstrated when observing the behavior of a shaft under torque; notably, the shaft's...

Circular Shaft - Stresses in Linear Range

Circular Shaft - Stresses in Linear Range

Consider a scenario where a circular shaft is subject to torque that remains within the boundaries of Hooke's Law, avoiding any permanent deformation. So, the formula for shearing strain is revisited. This formula is multiplied by the modulus of rigidity, and then Hooke's Law for the shearing stress and strain is applied. As a result, the equation for shearing stress in a shaft can be derived.

Torsion of Noncircular Members

Torsion of Noncircular Members

Circular shafts undergoing torsional stress maintain their cross-sectional integrity due to their axisymmetric nature. This symmetry ensures an even distribution of stress, allowing the shaft to withstand torsion without distorting. In contrast, square bars, lacking this axial symmetry, experience significant distortion across their cross-sections when subjected to torsion, with the exception of along their diagonals and at lines connecting midpoints. A detailed examination of a cubic element...

Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

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Published on: March 12, 2021

The factors affecting stiffness occurring with rotator cuff tear.

Seung-Suk Seo¹, Jang-Seuk Choi, Ki-Chan An

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, South Korea.

Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery

|July 23, 2011

Summary

Rotator cuff tears, particularly full-thickness and posterosuperior tears, are linked to increased shoulder stiffness. Trauma also significantly contributes to stiffness following rotator cuff injury.

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Sports Medicine
Musculoskeletal Research

Background:

Shoulder stiffness is a common complication following rotator cuff tears, impacting surgical outcomes.
Identifying factors contributing to stiffness is crucial for improving patient prognosis.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the specific factors associated with shoulder stiffness in patients with rotator cuff tears.
To analyze the influence of tear characteristics and patient-related factors on preoperative joint mobility.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of 119 patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.
Preoperative range of motion measurements were used to define stiffness.
Evaluation of factors including tear type, size, direction, symptom duration, demographics, comorbidities, degeneration (Goutallier classification), and trauma history.

Main Results:

Full-thickness rotator cuff tears showed significantly higher stiffness compared to partial-thickness tears (P = .0187).
Posterosuperior rotator cuff tears were associated with a statistically significant higher prevalence of stiffness (P = .0415).
Patients with a history of trauma exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of stiffness (P = .0264).

Conclusions:

The type (full-thickness) and direction (posterosuperior) of rotator cuff tear are significant predictors of preoperative shoulder stiffness.
The presence of trauma is also a key factor associated with increased joint range of motion limitation in rotator cuff tear patients.