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Related Concept Videos

Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Videos

Thyroid disease in pregnancy.

Scott A Rivkees1, Susan J Mandel

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Yale Pediatric Thyroid Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. scott.rivkees@yale.edu

Hormone Research in Paediatrics
|July 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal thyroid disease during pregnancy requires careful management to prevent adverse fetal outcomes. Routine screening for thyroid conditions in pregnant and childbearing-age women is recommended for better maternal and infant health.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Obstetrics
  • Reproductive Health

Background:

  • Maternal physiological changes during pregnancy impact thyroid status.
  • Maternal thyroid disease poses significant risks to fetal development.
  • Effective management of thyroid disease in pregnancy is crucial for favorable outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To emphasize the importance of careful evaluation and management of thyroid disease in pregnant women.
  • To highlight the need for gestational age-specific thyroid hormone level assessment.
  • To outline therapeutic goals for hyperthyroidism during pregnancy and the risks of hypothyroidism.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing gestational age-specific reference ranges for thyroid hormone evaluation.
  • Monitoring fetal development during maternal hyperthyroidism treatment.
  • Avoiding induction of maternal hypothyroidism during pregnancy.

Main Results:

  • Maternal thyroid dysfunction is linked to adverse outcomes for both mother and infant.
  • Achieving a subclinical hyperthyroid state is a therapeutic goal for managing hyperthyroidism in pregnancy.
  • Iatrogenic maternal hypothyroidism can lead to negative pregnancy and infant health consequences.

Conclusions:

  • Routine screening for thyroid disease in pregnant women is advisable.
  • Screening all women of childbearing age for thyroid disease should be considered.
  • Early detection and management of thyroid conditions can improve pregnancy outcomes.