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Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3 variants are also...

The Nucleosome

The Nucleosome

Human DNA is almost two meters long. However, it is compressed inside a tiny nucleus measuring only a few microns in diameter. To make this degree of compaction possible, DNA is organized into several sequential levels so that it can fit into such a tiny space. The most compact form of DNA is a chromosome that can be seen under a microscope in a dividing cell.
In a chromosome, DNA is wound twice around a protein complex called a histone octamer core, which consists of 8 histone proteins. This...

The Nucleosome

The Nucleosome

DNA in a human cell is almost 2m long and it is packed inside a tiny nucleus that is only a few microns in diameter. The level of compaction of DNA inside the nucleus is astonishing. It is organized into several sequentially higher levels of compaction to fit into such a tiny space. The most compact form of DNA is a chromosome that can be seen under a microscope in a dividing cell.
DNA is wound twice around a protein complex called histone core, that consist of 8 histone proteins. This complex...

The Nucleosome

The Nucleosome

DNA in a human cell is almost 2m long and it is packed inside a tiny nucleus that is only a few microns in diameter. The level of compaction of DNA inside the nucleus is astonishing. It is organized into several sequentially higher levels of compaction to fit into such a tiny space. The most compact form of DNA is a chromosome that can be seen under a microscope in a dividing cell.
DNA is wound twice around a protein complex called histone core, that consist of 8 histone proteins. This complex...

Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

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Unveiling Histone Proteoforms using 2D-TAU Gel Electrophoresis

Unveiling Histone Proteoforms using 2D-TAU Gel Electrophoresis

Published on: October 18, 2024

The human histone H3 complement anno 2011.

Thomas H A Ederveen¹, Imke K Mandemaker, Colin Logie

¹Department of Molecular Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, The Netherlands.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta

|July 26, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered numerous new histone H3 gene variants and pseudogenes in the human genome. Many pseudogenes originate from the H3.3 gene, suggesting potential for novel H3.3 variants and impacting gene expression studies.

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Expression Analysis of Mammalian Linker-histone Subtypes

Expression Analysis of Mammalian Linker-histone Subtypes

Published on: March 19, 2012

Area of Science:

Genomics
Molecular Biology
Epigenetics

Background:

Histones, particularly histone H3, are crucial for chromosome structure and are extensively modified.
The human genome contains annotated histone H3 genes coding for protein variants, with novel H3.3 variants reported in 2010 and 2011.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the full extent of histone H3 gene and pseudogene diversity in the human genome.
To identify potential novel histone H3 protein variants and assess their expression.

Main Methods:

Homology searches were conducted on the human genome assembly to identify histone H3 pseudogenes and ORFs.
RNA polymerase II occupancy data was analyzed to assess gene expression in human cell lines.

Main Results:

41 histone H3 pseudogenes were detected, with most derived from the H3.3 gene (H3F3A).
Three pseudogenes may code for additional H3.3 variants.
One intact H3.2-type variant ORF was identified near the HIST2 gene cluster.
Novel H3 genes showed no significant RNA polymerase II occupancy in the analyzed datasets.

Conclusions:

The human genome harbors a greater diversity of histone H3 genes and pseudogenes than previously known.
The identified pseudogenes, particularly those from H3F3A, represent a potential source of new H3.3 variants.
Expression analysis indicates limited transcriptional activity for the newly identified H3 genes, suggesting they may not contribute significantly to active chromatin formation.