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Related Concept Videos

Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
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Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
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Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity refer to the ability of drugs to cause genetic defects and induce cancer, respectively. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies agents into four groups based on their carcinogenic potential. Group 1 agents are known human carcinogens; group 2A agents are probably carcinogenic to humans; group 3 agents lack data to support their role in carcinogenesis; and group 4 includes agents for which data support that they are not likely to be...
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Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants
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Human developmental exposure to endocrine active compounds.

Warren G Foster1, Claude L Hughes, Siu Chan

  • 1Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McMaster University Medical Center, McMaster University, HSC-3N52D, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ont., Canada L8N 3Z5.

Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology
|July 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study detected endocrine active chemicals (EACs) in human amniotic fluid during mid-pregnancy. Findings show fetuses are exposed to environmental contaminants like DDT and phytoestrogens in utero.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Developmental Toxicology
  • Reproductive Science

Background:

  • Exposure to endocrine active chemicals (EACs) during fetal development is a growing concern.
  • Quantifying in utero exposure to EACs, especially during critical developmental periods, is largely unexplored.
  • Human amniotic fluid offers a potential window into fetal exposure to environmental contaminants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if EACs can be detected and quantified in second-trimester human amniotic fluid.
  • To assess fetal exposure to common organochlorine contaminants and dietary phytoestrogens.
  • To establish amniotic fluid as a viable medium for evaluating developmental exposure to EACs.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of amniotic fluid samples from 175 women undergoing amniocentesis (14-21 weeks gestation).
  • Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) used for quantification of organochlorine contaminants and phytoestrogens.
  • Detection of specific compounds including p,p'-DDE, genistein, and daidzein.

Main Results:

  • The DDT metabolite p,p'-DDE was detected in approximately 25% of amniotic fluid samples.
  • Dietary phytoestrogens, genistein and daidzein, were found in over 96% of samples.
  • Quantifiable levels of EACs were identified, indicating fetal exposure.

Conclusions:

  • Human amniotic fluid is a suitable biological medium for assessing developmental exposure to EACs.
  • Fetuses are exposed to biologically active levels of EACs during mid-pregnancy.
  • This research highlights the importance of monitoring in utero exposure to environmental contaminants.