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Related Concept Videos

Storage01:23

Storage

A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze each...
Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
System of Memory01:23

System of Memory

Memory is categorized into three major systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). These systems differ in their capacity and the duration for which they can hold information. Sensory memory captures raw sensory input from the environment, holding it for just a few seconds or less. For example, on hearing a brief, loud sound, like a car horn honking, the sound seems to linger in the mind for a moment even after it stops. This is an instance of sensory memory...
Role of Hippocampus in Memory01:19

Role of Hippocampus in Memory

The hippocampus, a critical brain structure, plays an essential role in memory processing, particularly in the formation and retrieval of memory. This small, seahorse-shaped region is located within the medial temporal lobe, with one hippocampus in each brain hemisphere. Experimental studies involving lesions in the hippocampi of rats have demonstrated significant impairments in tasks such as object recognition and maze navigation, indicating the hippocampus involvement in both recognition and...
Impact of Schemas01:30

Impact of Schemas

Schemas are cognitive structures that provide a framework for interpreting and organizing social information. They help individuals navigate complex environments by offering expectations about people, events, and behaviors. Schemas influence attention, encoding, and retrieval processes, thereby shaping the entire trajectory of information processing in social contexts.Attention and Cognitive LoadDuring initial attention, schemas function as filters that prioritize schema-consistent information,...
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Schemas

A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition
05:15

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

Object-centered reference systems and human spatial memory.

Xiaoli Chen1, Timothy McNamara

  • 1Vanderbilt University, PMB 407817, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
|July 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spatial memory relies on object-centered reference systems, influencing how we recall object locations. This effect was observed with human avatars but not animal models in virtual environments.

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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition
05:15

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Published on: February 19, 2018

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Published on: January 26, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Spatial Cognition
  • Human Memory

Background:

  • Understanding spatial memory is crucial for cognitive science.
  • Investigating reference frames in spatial memory provides insight into cognitive architecture.
  • Previous research suggests both egocentric and allocentric reference frames influence spatial memory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the influence of object-centered reference systems on spatial memory.
  • To determine if object orientation affects memory for object locations.
  • To explore the hierarchical nature of spatial reference systems in memory.

Main Methods:

  • Participants memorized locations and orientations of virtual objects (avatars, animal models).
  • Judgments of relative directions were performed from imagined vantage points.
  • Performance was assessed based on the congruence between imagined heading and object facing direction.

Main Results:

  • Object-centered reference system facilitated spatial memory for human avatars.
  • No significant facilitation was observed with animal models.
  • Performance was superior from the original learning viewpoint compared to novel viewpoints.

Conclusions:

  • Spatial memories are influenced by object-centered reference systems.
  • Spatial memory may involve a hierarchy of reference systems at different scales.
  • The nature of the object stimulus impacts the utilization of object-centered reference frames.