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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology01:21

Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology

Cytotoxic edema is a form of cerebral edema characterized by intracellular swelling of neurons, astrocytes, and other glial cells. It develops when the mechanisms responsible for maintaining ionic gradients across the cell membrane become impaired. Under normal physiological conditions, the sodium–potassium ATPase actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, preserving osmotic balance and enabling electrical signaling. This pump requires a continuous supply...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair01:24

Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair

The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
The typical wound exudate is odorless, transparent, straw-colored, thin, and watery. Exudate, however, can differ depending on the state of wound healing. Likewise, the exudate's...
Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis: An Intraocular Inflammatory Mouse Model
07:40

Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis: An Intraocular Inflammatory Mouse Model

Published on: January 12, 2022

Cytokines in autoimmune uveitis.

Reiko Horai1, Rachel R Caspi

  • 1Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1857, USA.

Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research : the Official Journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research
|July 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Autoimmune uveitis involves immune responses to retinal proteins and is T cell-dependent. Therapies targeting T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells show promise, though their cytokine effects are complex.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Immunology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Autoimmune uveitis is a sight-threatening condition without a known infectious cause, often linked to immune responses against retinal proteins.
  • Experimental models targeting retinal proteins have advanced understanding of uveitis pathogenesis and therapeutic development.
  • Clinical evidence suggests autoimmune uveitis is T cell-dependent, responding to T cell-targeting treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells in autoimmune uveitis pathogenesis.
  • To discuss the complex roles of cytokines produced by Th1 and Th17 cells, including both pathogenic and protective effects.
  • To outline current and emerging therapeutic strategies targeting proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines in uveitis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on autoimmune uveitis, T cell subsets (Th1, Th17), and cytokine involvement.
  • Analysis of findings from human patient studies and experimental animal models of autoimmune uveitis.
  • Synthesis of information on therapeutic approaches and their benefits in managing autoimmune uveitis.

Main Results:

  • Both Th1 and Th17 cells are implicated as pathogenic effectors in autoimmune uveitis.
  • Cytokines produced by Th1 and Th17 cells can exhibit dual roles, being either protective or pathogenic depending on context.
  • Understanding these complex immunological mechanisms is crucial for developing effective therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Autoimmune uveitis pathogenesis involves intricate T cell and cytokine dynamics.
  • Targeting specific cytokines offers a promising avenue for novel therapeutic interventions.
  • Further research into the context-dependent functions of Th1/Th17 cells and their cytokines is warranted for improved uveitis management.