Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Atlas of human gut-associated lymphoid tissue reveals immunomodulatory interactions of B cells.

Science immunology·2026

Same author

Context-dependent effects of CDKN2A and other 9p21 gene losses during the evolution of esophageal cancer.

Nature cancer·2025

Same author

Could tolerance to DNA be broken in the gut in systemic lupus erythematosus?

Immunology letters·2024

Same author

Immature B cell homing shapes human lymphoid tissue structure and function.

The Journal of experimental medicine·2024

Same author

Double-negative B cells and DNASE1L3 colocalise with microbiota in gut-associated lymphoid tissue.

Nature communications·2024

Same author

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue: a microbiota-driven hub of B cell immunity.

Trends in immunology·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Published on: September 7, 2018

Transitional B cells: how well are the checkpoints for specificity understood?

Anna Vossenkämper¹, Jo Spencer

¹Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, UK. a.vossenkaemper@qmul.ac.uk

Archivum Immunologiae Et Therapiae Experimentalis

|July 27, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The immune system must limit self-reactive B cells to prevent autoimmune diseases. This review explores how human transitional B cells may mature differently than previously understood from mouse models.

More Related Videos

Examination of Thymic Positive and Negative Selection by Flow Cytometry

Examination of Thymic Positive and Negative Selection by Flow Cytometry

Published on: October 8, 2012

Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine B Cell Development

Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine B Cell Development

Published on: January 22, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Published on: September 7, 2018

Examination of Thymic Positive and Negative Selection by Flow Cytometry

Examination of Thymic Positive and Negative Selection by Flow Cytometry

Published on: October 8, 2012

Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine B Cell Development

Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine B Cell Development

Published on: January 22, 2021

Area of Science:

Immunology
Autoimmunity
Cellular Biology

Background:

Minimizing mature self-reactive B cells is vital to prevent autoimmune diseases.
Two checkpoints exist: bone marrow and spleen, to eliminate self-reactive B cells.
Transitional B cell maturation is primarily studied in mice, with known species differences.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent characterizations of human transitional B cells.
To compare human transitional B cell development with established mouse models.
To investigate potential differences in human B cell maturation pathways.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on B cell development and maturation.
Comparative analysis of mouse and human splenic function.
Examination of recent studies on human transitional B cells.

Main Results:

Recent studies reveal significant differences in human transitional B cells compared to mouse models.
Known differences in mouse and human spleen function further complicate direct comparisons.
Current models of B cell maturation may not fully apply to humans.

Conclusions:

Human transitional B cell development may follow a distinct pathway.
Further research is needed to elucidate human-specific B cell tolerance mechanisms.
Understanding these differences is crucial for autoimmune disease research.