Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
11:14

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection

Published on: November 7, 2018

An overview of triple infection with hepatitis B, C and D viruses

Mehwish Riaz1, Muhamad Idrees, Hifza Kanwal

  • 1National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig Lahore-53700, Pakistan.

Virology Journal
|July 28, 2011
PubMed

Insights

Triple hepatitis infection, involving Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), and Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV), poses a significant global health challenge. This review synthesizes data on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of these co-infections.

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Viral hepatitis, particularly Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), is highly endemic in South East Asia, including Pakistan.
  • Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) co-infection is also prevalent worldwide.
  • HCV, HBV, and HDV share transmission routes, leading to frequent dual or triple infections, exacerbating liver damage, cirrhosis (LC), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, replication, disease outcomes, treatment, and prevention of triple hepatitis infections (HCV, HBV, HDV).
  • To synthesize existing literature on triple hepatitis infections, focusing on risk factors and awareness.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, PakMediNet, DOAJ, and Google Scholar.
  • Keywords included 'epidemiology of triple infection,' 'risk factors,' 'awareness status,' 'treatment,' and 'replication cycle.'
  • Data from 74 studies published between 1983 and 2010 were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Triple hepatitis infections involving HCV, HBV, and HDV are a significant concern due to overlapping transmission and synergistic effects on liver disease progression.
  • Chronic HDV infection contributes to liver damage and has oncogenic potential, similar to HBV and HCV.
  • The review synthesizes available data on the multifaceted aspects of these triple infections.

Conclusions:

  • Triple hepatitis infections represent a complex clinical challenge with serious implications for liver health, including increased risk of cirrhosis and cancer.
  • Understanding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and transmission is crucial for effective prevention and treatment strategies.
  • Further research and public health initiatives are needed to combat the burden of these co-infections.

More Related Videos

Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells09:02

Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells

Published on: June 5, 2020

"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection10:25

"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Published on: February 19, 2019

Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...