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Updated: May 30, 2026

Whole Blood Assay with Dual Co-Stimulation for Antigen-Specific Analysis of Host Immunity to Fungal and Viral Pathogens
Published on: September 20, 2024
Two cases illustrating successful adjunctive interferon-γ immunotherapy in refractory disseminated coccidioidomycosis
Christopher A Duplessis1, Drake Tilley, Mary Bavaro
1Infectious Disease Naval Hospital, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34800 Bob Wilson Drive, Ste. 5, San Diego, CA 92134-1005, USA. christopher.duplessis@med.navy.mil
Abstract:
Protective immunity and host resistance to coccidioidomycosis require a robust cell-mediated immunity with adequate production of Th1 cytokines including interleukin-12, and IFN-γ and appropriate regulation and coordinated functionality of Th1/Th2 responses and IL-12/IFN-γ cytokine axes. IFN-γ augments the anti-fungal activity of effector immune cells against a variety of fungi. Numerous animal models have demonstrated the potential efficacy of adjunctive IFN-γ in treatment of invasive mycoses. Yet, despite these promising data, a paucity of literature documents efficacious adjunctive IFN-γ administration in refractory coccidioidomycosis. We present two cases of refractory disease occurring at our institution who responded to adjunctive IFN-γ.
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