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Related Concept Videos

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
Exceptions to the Octet Rule02:55

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:
Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria01:07

Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria

Ladder diagrams are useful for evaluating equilibria involving metal-ligand complexes. The vertical scale of the ladder diagram represents the concentration of unreacted or free ligand, pL. The horizontal lines on the scale depict the log of stepwise formation constants for metal-ligand complexes and indicate the dominant species in all the regions.
The formation constant, K1, for the formation of Cd(NH3)2+ complex from cadmium and ammonia is 3.55 × 102. Log K1 (i.e. pNH3) is 2.55, and...
Benzene to 1,4-Cyclohexadiene: Birch Reduction Mechanism01:18

Benzene to 1,4-Cyclohexadiene: Birch Reduction Mechanism

Birch reduction uses solvated electrons as reducing agents. The reaction converts benzene to 1,4-cyclohexadiene. The reaction proceeds by the transfer of a single electron to the ring to form a benzene radical anion. This anion is highly basic—it abstracts a proton from the alcohol to form a cyclohexadienyl radical. Another single electron transfer gives the cyclohexadienyl anion. A proton transfer from the alcohol forms 1,4-cyclohexadiene. Since this reduction occurs via radical anion...
Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model01:18

Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model

According to the molecular orbital (MO) model, benzene has a planar structure with a regular hexagon of six sp2 hybridized carbons. As shown in Figure 1, each carbon is bonded to three other atoms with C–C–C and H–C–C bond angles of 120°. The C–H bond length is 109 pm, and the C–C bond length is 139 pm which is midway between the single bond length of sp3 hybridized carbons (154 pm) and sp2 hybridized carbons (133 pm).
Structure of Benzene: Kekulé Model01:07

Structure of Benzene: Kekulé Model

In 1865, August Kekule suggested the structure of benzene according to the structural theory of organic chemistry based on the three assertions—formula of benzene is C6H6, all the hydrogens of benzene are equivalent, and each carbon must have four bonds due to its tetravalency.
He proposed that benzene has a cyclic structure of six carbon atoms attached to one hydrogen atom each, with three alternating pi bonds.

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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Bcl6: where too much complexity is barely enough.

David M Tarlinton1

  • 1The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia. Tarlinton@wehi.edu.au

European Journal of Immunology
|July 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The transcriptional repressor Bcl6 is crucial for germinal center (GC) formation and B-cell differentiation. New research identifies additional Bcl6 targets, highlighting its complex role in immune responses.

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Published on: February 15, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • B-cell differentiation is vital for immune health, with T-cell-dependent responses relying on germinal center (GC) formation and function.
  • The transcriptional repressor B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) is essential for GC development and regulates key B-cell processes like proliferation and differentiation.

Discussion:

  • Bcl6's regulatory network is complex, involving reciprocal regulation with transcription factors like Blimp1 (encoded by the Prdm1 gene).
  • A study in DT40 chicken lymphoma cells reveals new Bcl6-repressed targets, including genes involved in class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation.

Key Insights:

  • Bcl6 controls a wide array of functions within GCs, impacting B-cell fate and antibody diversification.
  • The identification of novel Bcl6 targets underscores the intricate regulatory mechanisms governing GC responses.

Outlook:

  • Further investigation into Bcl6's regulatory network is critical for understanding how it integrates diverse cellular processes within GCs.
  • Elucidating Bcl6's role can provide insights into immune system regulation and potential therapeutic targets.