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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate...
Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume01:11

Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume

Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
In an average resting adult male, the typical cardiac output averages...
Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send blood...
Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
Pulse rhythm01:30

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac muscle...
Exercise and Cardiac Output01:17

Exercise and Cardiac Output

Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
Sustained exercise increases the muscles' oxygen demand, which can be met...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System
10:17

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System

Published on: April 11, 2025

Cardiac resynchronization therapy optimization using noninvasive cardiac output measurement.

Fakhar Z Khan1, Munmohan S Virdee, John Hutchinson

  • 1Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK.

Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : PACE
|July 30, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Optimizing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices using noninvasive cardiac output (NICOM) measurements improved patient outcomes. NICOM-guided CRT optimization led to better clinical and echocardiographic responses than standard empiric settings.

More Related Videos

Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in an Asynchronous Heart Failure Model Induced by Left Bundle Branch Ablation and Rapid Pacing
12:45

Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in an Asynchronous Heart Failure Model Induced by Left Bundle Branch Ablation and Rapid Pacing

Published on: December 11, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System
10:17

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System

Published on: April 11, 2025

Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in an Asynchronous Heart Failure Model Induced by Left Bundle Branch Ablation and Rapid Pacing
12:45

Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in an Asynchronous Heart Failure Model Induced by Left Bundle Branch Ablation and Rapid Pacing

Published on: December 11, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is used to treat heart failure.
  • Optimizing CRT device settings is crucial for patient outcomes.
  • Noninvasive cardiac output (NICOM) measurement offers a novel approach to assess cardiac function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effectiveness of NICOM-based CRT device optimization versus empiric settings.
  • To evaluate the impact of NICOM optimization on ventricular function and clinical outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • A nonrandomized study of 203 patients undergoing CRT.
  • An empiric group (n=54) received standard settings; an optimization group (n=149) had AV and VV delays adjusted based on NICOM.
  • Primary endpoints included changes in left ventricular (LV) volumes and function at 6 months.

Main Results:

  • The NICOM optimization group showed improved New York Heart Association (NYHA) class and quality of life scores compared to the empiric group.
  • Echocardiographic analysis revealed lower LV end-systolic volume and higher ejection fraction in the optimization group.
  • No significant difference was observed in the 6-minute walk test (6 MWT) performance between groups.

Conclusions:

  • NICOM-based optimization of CRT devices is associated with enhanced clinical and echocardiographic responses.
  • This method provides a potential alternative for optimizing CRT device programming.
  • Further research may explore broader applications of NICOM in cardiac device management.