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Related Concept Videos

Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become anucleated and die, but their...
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...
Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Augmented Reality Navigation-Guided Core Decompression for Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head
06:17

Augmented Reality Navigation-Guided Core Decompression for Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head

Published on: April 12, 2022

Osteoradionecrosis.

Karla O'Dell1, Uttam Sinha

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University of Southern California, 1200 North State Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America
|July 30, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a severe complication of head and neck cancer radiation therapy, potentially caused by radiation-induced bone changes. Prevention involves dental care, while treatment varies from conservative measures to surgical reconstruction.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
  • Radiation Oncology

Background:

  • Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a serious complication following radiation therapy for head and neck cancers.
  • The pathophysiology is linked to radiation-induced fibroatrophy of the bone.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the understanding of Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) pathophysiology.
  • To identify risk factors and outline prevention and treatment strategies for ORN.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) pathophysiology.
  • Analysis of risk factors, prevention, and treatment modalities for head and neck cancer patients.

Main Results:

  • Key risk factors for ORN include primary tumor location, cancer stage, radiation dose, oral hygiene, and lifestyle choices (smoking, alcohol).
  • Prevention strategies emphasize comprehensive dental care throughout the radiation therapy process.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) requires a multi-faceted approach.
  • Treatment options range from conservative non-surgical interventions to extensive surgical reconstruction.