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Encoding

Encoding

Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...

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Physiological responses in a Concealed Information Test are determined interactively by encoding procedure and

Wolfgang Ambach¹, Sebastian Dummel, Theresa Lüer

¹Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany. ambach@igpp.de

International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology

|August 2, 2011

Summary

Physiological responses in the Concealed Information Test (CIT) depend on how items are handled and questioned. Stealing-related questions reveal more significant physiological differences than viewing-only questions.

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Area of Science:

Psychology
Forensic Science
Physiology

Background:

The Concealed Information Test (CIT) relies on physiological responses to detect concealed knowledge.
The influence of encoding depth and questioning format on CIT accuracy is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how different modes of item handling (stealing vs. viewing) and questioning formats affect physiological responses in a CIT.
To determine if specific questioning strategies enhance the detection of concealed information.

Main Methods:

A mock-crime study involving 53 participants.
Comparison of two questioning formats: 'Did you see…?' (viewing) and 'Did you steal…?' (stealing).
Within-subject manipulation of item encoding: stealing versus merely viewing critical objects.
Recording of physiological measures: skin conductance, electrocardiogram, respiration, and finger pulse.

Main Results:

Physiological responses differed significantly for stolen/viewed objects compared to irrelevant objects across both questioning formats.
Viewing questions showed minimal differentiation between stolen and viewed objects, except for heart rate deceleration.
Stealing questions elicited significantly greater physiological responses for stolen objects compared to viewed objects across all measures.
A significant interaction was found between the mode of encoding and the questioning format.

Conclusions:

The interaction between item handling and questioning format significantly influences physiological responses in CIT.
Subjective item significance, crucial for CIT, may arise interactively from handling and questioning.
The 'stealing' questioning format appears more effective in differentiating responses to critical items compared to the 'viewing' format.