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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing, relapsing inflammation of the pancreas, characterized by irreversible damage to the gland. It results in progressive destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma, fibrosis, and eventual loss of both exocrine and endocrine function. The disease may evolve gradually after multiple episodes of acute pancreatitis or develop independently.EtiologyChronic pancreatitis can arise from a variety of causes:Alcohol use is the leading cause, accounting for 70–80% of...
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...
Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology01:21

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive and irreversible inflammation of the pancreas, most often caused by long-term alcohol abuse, but it can also be related to ductal obstruction, smoking, or genetic factors.Chronic pancreatitis occurs when the pancreas is repeatedly exposed to harmful agents like alcohol, smoking, ductal obstruction, or genetic predisposition. These factors lead to the release of toxic metabolites and inflammatory cytokines, sustaining chronic inflammation in the pancreatic...

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A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication
13:04

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

Published on: June 26, 2014

Chronic hepatitis C.

Jae Young Jang1, Raymond T Chung

  • 1Institute for Digestive Research, Digestive Disease Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Gut and Liver
|August 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Achieving a sustained virologic response (SVR) is the goal of hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment. New therapies, including direct-acting antivirals, significantly improve SVR rates and reduce long-term complications.

Keywords:
Chronic hepatitis CTherapeuticsVirology

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"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Published on: February 19, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection management aims for sustained virologic response (SVR).
  • Recent advancements in antiviral therapy have significantly improved SVR rates.
  • Pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) combined with ribavirin has enhanced treatment efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution and optimization of antiviral therapies for chronic hepatitis C.
  • To highlight the role of viral kinetics in tailoring treatment duration.
  • To discuss the impact of new direct-acting antivirals targeting HCV NS3/4A protease and NS5B polymerase.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent clinical studies and long-term follow-up data.
  • Analysis of viral kinetics in optimizing treatment response.
  • Evaluation of novel antiviral agents targeting specific HCV proteins.

Main Results:

  • SVR rates have substantially improved with combination therapies like PEG-IFN and ribavirin.
  • Newer agents targeting HCV NS3/4A protease and NS5B polymerase offer improved SVR.
  • Achieved SVR is associated with a low risk of relapse and reduced long-term morbidity.

Conclusions:

  • Optimized antiviral therapy, including novel direct-acting antivirals, maximizes SVR chances.
  • SVR significantly reduces the risk of liver fibrosis progression, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • Antiviral therapy is crucial for reducing morbidity and mortality in chronic HCV infection.