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Related Concept Videos

Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology01:10

Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology

Atelectasis develops when alveoli lose their air and collapse inward. Because lung tissue is naturally elastic, these air sacs shrink rather than remaining open. Collapsed alveoli are no longer ventilated, reducing their role in gas exchange. Blood flow may continue in these regions, creating a ventilation–perfusion mismatch. Clinical findings include decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, reduced chest expansion, and decreased tactile fremitus as sound transmission through collapsed...
Breathing01:05

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
Alterations in Respiration II01:30

Alterations in Respiration II

There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes include...
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management01:22

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management

Airway management is a key skill in emergency and critical care settings, as maintaining a clear airway is essential for adequate oxygenation and ventilation.Head Tilt-Chin Lift TechniqueThe head tilt-chin lift maneuver is an essential technique primarily used in patients without suspected cervical spine injuries. To perform this maneuver, one hand is placed on the patient’s forehead, and gentle pressure is applied backward to tilt the head. The fingertips of the other hand are positioned under...
Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...

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Updated: May 30, 2026

The Perinatal Asphyxiated Lamb Model: A Model for Newborn Resuscitation
09:03

The Perinatal Asphyxiated Lamb Model: A Model for Newborn Resuscitation

Published on: August 15, 2018

Infant asphyxia, soft mattresses, and the "trough" effect.

Marais Combrinck1, Roger W Byard

  • 1From the *Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science; †Forensic Science SA; and ‡Discipline of Pathology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.

The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology
|August 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may be misdiagnosed. Accidental suffocation in cribs, caused by sagging bases and soft bedding creating entrapment troughs, is a preventable cause of infant death.

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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

The Perinatal Asphyxiated Lamb Model: A Model for Newborn Resuscitation
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A Swine Model of Neonatal Asphyxia
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Continuous Telemetric In Utero Tracheal Pressure Measurements in Fetal Lambs

Published on: December 22, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Forensic Pathology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Unexpected infant deaths are often attributed to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
  • Increasing evidence suggests accidental asphyxia from unsafe sleeping environments contributes significantly to infant mortality.
  • Evaluation of sleeping arrangements is crucial for identifying preventable causes of infant death.

Observation:

  • A case report details a 5-month-old infant found deceased in a portable cot.
  • The cot featured a sagging canvas base, exacerbated by a soft mattress and bedding, creating a dangerous trough.
  • The infant was unable to extricate himself from this entrapment position.

Findings:

  • Autopsy revealed no specific pathological findings.
  • Examination identified a significant depression in the cot base, forming a trough.
  • Death was attributed to accidental suffocation due to the infant's face being pressed into soft bedding within the trough.

Implications:

  • Highlights the dangers of second-hand cots and unsafe bedding contributing to infant suffocation.
  • Emphasizes the need for death scene investigators to assess cot safety and measure concavity.
  • Underscores the importance of safe infant sleep environments to prevent accidental asphyxia.