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Updated: May 30, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
Published on: May 16, 2025
Orbit and orbital apex
Dan Robinson1, Geoff Wilcsek, Raymond Sacks
1Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, 50 Missenden Road, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia.
Abstract:
Pathology affecting the orbit and orbital apex is diverse and heterogeneous. Many of the differential pathologies require management in a multidisciplinary team involving both otolaryngology and ophthalmology. This article discusses the differential pathologies. Emphasis has been placed on Graves orbitopathy, traumatic optic neuropathy, and the indications for decompression in each. The differential diagnosis for a lesion within the orbit and orbital apex is diverse. The presentation, investigation, and appropriate management of these conditions is discussed with emphasis on traumatic optic neuropathy and Graves orbitopathy.
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