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Related Concept Videos

Obesity01:24

Obesity

The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in adipocytes...
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution01:25

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion01:20

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
Overview of Protein Metabolism01:21

Overview of Protein Metabolism

Proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion. Unlike fats and carbohydrates, which are stored for later use, proteins are not. Instead, amino acids are either used to produce ATP through oxidation or contribute to the creation of new proteins for the growth and repair of the body. Any surplus amino acids from the diet are converted into glucose or triglycerides rather than excreted.
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Cellular Adaptation I: Introduction and Atrophy01:23

Cellular Adaptation I: Introduction and Atrophy

Cells can adapt to environmental changes to maintain function and avoid injury, a process called cellular adaptation. Adapted cells exist in a reversible intermediate state with changes in size, number, phenotype, metabolism, or function. These responses help cells meet altered physiological or pathological demands; for example, enlargement of breast and uterine tissues during pregnancy. Early adaptations may enhance function, but persistent stress eventually causes tissue damage.Types of...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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The Creation of a Rat Model for Osteosarcopenia via Ovariectomy
03:52

The Creation of a Rat Model for Osteosarcopenia via Ovariectomy

Published on: February 21, 2025

Sarcopenia and obesity.

Debra L Waters1, Richard N Baumgartner

  • 1Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand. debra.waters@otago.ac.nz

Clinics in Geriatric Medicine
|August 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Older adults have four body composition phenotypes: normal, obese, sarcopenic, and sarcopenic obese. Standardized definitions are lacking for sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity, impacting prevalence studies and understanding of their causes and effects.

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Segmentation and Linear Measurement for Body Composition Analysis using Slice-O-Matic and Horos
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Segmentation and Linear Measurement for Body Composition Analysis using Slice-O-Matic and Horos

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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

The Creation of a Rat Model for Osteosarcopenia via Ovariectomy
03:52

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Published on: February 21, 2025

Segmentation and Linear Measurement for Body Composition Analysis using Slice-O-Matic and Horos
13:35

Segmentation and Linear Measurement for Body Composition Analysis using Slice-O-Matic and Horos

Published on: March 21, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Human Physiology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Four distinct body composition phenotypes are recognized in older adults: normal, sarcopenic, obese, and sarcopenic obese.
  • Current definitions and classifications for these phenotypes, particularly sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity, lack consensus.
  • The etiology and consequences of these body composition phenotypes remain subjects of ongoing debate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the existing literature on the classification, prevalence, etiology, and correlates of sarcopenia, obesity, and sarcopenic obesity in older adults.
  • To highlight the challenges posed by the lack of standardized definitions for sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity.
  • To synthesize current knowledge regarding the multifactorial etiology and complex covariate relationships influencing these phenotypes.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of studies addressing body composition phenotypes in older adults.
  • Analysis of research focusing on the definitions, classifications, prevalence, etiology, and correlates of sarcopenia, obesity, and sarcopenic obesity.
  • Synthesis of findings to identify areas of consensus and debate.

Main Results:

  • The review identifies four primary body composition phenotypes in older adults.
  • Significant challenges exist in establishing standardized definitions for sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity, hindering accurate prevalence estimation.
  • The etiology of these phenotypes is multifactorial, involving complex interactions between various factors.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized definitions are crucial for advancing research on sarcopenia, obesity, and sarcopenic obesity in aging populations.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise etiology and consequences of these body composition phenotypes.
  • Consistent classification systems are essential for comparing findings across diverse populations and informing clinical practice.