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Related Concept Videos

General Structure of a Vertebra01:30

General Structure of a Vertebra

A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous column.
Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form the...
Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The long...
Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the adult...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation
12:59

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation

Published on: February 28, 2021

A framework of vertebra segmentation using the active shape model-based approach.

Mohammed Benjelloun1, Saïd Mahmoudi, Fabian Lecron

  • 1Faculty of Engineering, University of Mons, Biosys Pole, Place du Parc, 20-7000 Mons, Belgium.

International Journal of Biomedical Imaging
|August 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces an Active Shape Model for segmenting cervical vertebrae in medical images. The approach leverages a statistical model trained with expert input, offering promising results for X-ray analysis.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation
12:59

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation

Published on: February 28, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Computer Vision
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Accurate segmentation of cervical vertebrae is crucial for diagnosing spinal conditions.
  • Existing methods may lack the integration of expert knowledge and statistical modeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate an Active Shape Model-based approach for cervical vertebra segmentation.
  • To incorporate domain expert knowledge into the segmentation process through a statistical model.
  • To offer both manual and semiautomatic segmentation modes for flexibility.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Active Shape Model (ASM) theory for image segmentation.
  • Developed a statistical model based on a training dataset incorporating expert knowledge.
  • Implemented two model types: global (multi-vertebra) and local (single-vertebra).
  • Offered manual segmentation initialized by two user-defined points.
  • Proposed a semiautomatic segmentation using Harris corner detection and filtering.

Main Results:

  • The Active Shape Model approach demonstrated promising results on a large dataset of X-ray images.
  • The integration of a statistical model enhanced segmentation accuracy and reliability.
  • Both global and local models provided effective segmentation capabilities.
  • Manual and semiautomatic modes offered user-friendly and efficient segmentation options.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed Active Shape Model method is effective for cervical vertebra segmentation.
  • Incorporating expert knowledge via statistical models improves medical image analysis.
  • The developed approach offers a versatile and promising tool for radiological applications.