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Related Concept Videos

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Chain Reactions01:29

Chain Reactions

Chain reactions involve highly reactive transient species, such as atoms or free radicals, as intermediates. These intermediates facilitate rapid reactions over an extended period. The process includes a series of steps: a reactive intermediate is consumed, reactants are converted to products, and the intermediate is regenerated. This cycle enables continuous repetition, amplifying the production of products with a small amount of intermediate. Chain reactions often utilize free radicals as...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...
Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments01:18

Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments

Cytoskeletal filaments are polymeric forms of smaller protein subunits. However, individual cytoskeletal filaments may easily disassemble or associate with other similar filaments to form rigid structures. Microfilaments, made of actin monomers, rely on actin-binding proteins to form bundles and create networks of individual actin filaments. Microtubules rely on microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) to form sturdy cylindrical structures. However, the proteins involved in forming complex...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
09:34

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

Published on: February 6, 2020

Self-lacing atom chains.

Harold J W Zandvliet1, Arie van Houselt, Bene Poelsema

  • 1Physical Aspects of NanoElectronics and Solid State Physics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|August 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Self-lacing atomic chains on platinum-modified germanium surfaces exhibit unique structural and electronic properties. These atom-thin chains undergo a Peierls transition at low temperatures, creating novel electronic states.

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Area of Science:

  • Surface Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Atomic chains on surfaces are building blocks for novel electronic devices.
  • Understanding their properties is crucial for nanoscale engineering.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural and electronic properties of self-lacing atomic chains.
  • To explore the behavior of these chains on platinum-modified germanium surfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (LT-STM)
  • Low-temperature scanning tunneling spectroscopy (LT-STS)

Main Results:

  • Characterization of defect-free, one-atom-thick, and thousands-of-atoms-long self-lacing atomic chains.
  • Observation of a Peierls transition at low temperatures, leading to a doubling of chain periodicity (2x to 4x) and opening of an energy gap.
  • Discovery of novel quasi-one-dimensional electronic states below 80 K, originating from confined terrace electronic states.

Conclusions:

  • Self-lacing atomic chains exhibit distinct structural and electronic properties influenced by the substrate.
  • The Peierls transition and emergent electronic states offer potential for future electronic applications.