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Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Operant Conditioning Intervention

Operant Conditioning Intervention

Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
In operant conditioning, behaviors that are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

Published on: October 28, 2022

Interventions for treating chronic ankle instability.

Jasper S de Vries¹, Rover Krips, Inger N Sierevelt

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tergooiziekenhuizen, Van Riebeeckweg 212, Hilversum, Noord-Holland, Netherlands, 1213 XZ.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

|August 12, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Neuromuscular training shows short-term benefits for chronic lateral ankle instability. Early functional rehabilitation after surgery improves outcomes, but evidence for specific surgical techniques remains limited.

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Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Sports Medicine
Rehabilitation

Background:

Chronic lateral ankle instability affects 10-20% of individuals post-acute ankle sprain.
Conservative treatment is primary, with surgery considered if conservative methods fail and ligament laxity persists.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare conservative and surgical treatments for chronic lateral ankle instability.
To evaluate the efficacy of different interventions for this condition.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials.
Searched major databases (Cochrane, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL) up to February 2010.
Independent data extraction and risk of bias assessment.

Main Results:

Neuromuscular training improved ankle function scores in the short term (4 weeks).
Surgical interventions showed varied outcomes: tenodesis had higher nerve injury rates than anatomical reconstruction.
Dynamic tenodesis was associated with higher rates of unsatisfactory function.
Early mobilization post-surgery led to faster return to work and sports compared to immobilization.

Conclusions:

Neuromuscular training is effective short-term, but long-term effects are unknown.
Insufficient evidence exists to favor one surgical technique over another, though dynamic tenodesis has limitations.
Early functional rehabilitation post-surgery is superior to prolonged immobilization for restoring function.