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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively manages...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Synthesis of Indoxyl-glycosides for Detection of Glycosidase Activities
09:10

Synthesis of Indoxyl-glycosides for Detection of Glycosidase Activities

Published on: May 27, 2015

Glycozolidal.

Hoong-Kun Fun, Wisanu Maneerat, Surat Laphookhieo

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |August 13, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Glycozolidal, a natural carbazole from Clausena lansium roots, exhibits a planar structure. Its crystal packing is stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds and various non-covalent interactions, including pi-pi stacking.

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    Last Updated: May 30, 2026

    Synthesis of Indoxyl-glycosides for Detection of Glycosidase Activities
    09:10

    Synthesis of Indoxyl-glycosides for Detection of Glycosidase Activities

    Published on: May 27, 2015

    Area of Science:

    • Natural Product Chemistry
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Crystallography

    Background:

    • Carbazole derivatives are prevalent in nature and exhibit diverse biological activities.
    • Clausena lansium is a plant source of various bioactive compounds.
    • Glycozolidal is a specific carbazole identified from this plant source.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To characterize the crystal structure of Glycozolidal.
    • To investigate the intermolecular interactions and crystal packing of Glycozolidal.
    • To provide insights into the solid-state properties of this natural carbazole.

    Main Methods:

    • Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and deviations from planarity.
    • Identification and analysis of intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonds and pi-pi stacking.

    Main Results:

    • Glycozolidal (2,7-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-3-carbaldehyde) was structurally characterized.
    • The carbazole ring system was found to be essentially planar with a root-mean-square deviation of 0.0093 Å.
    • Intermolecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds form chains along the c-axis, complemented by C-H⋯O, C-H⋯π, and π-π interactions.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure of Glycozolidal reveals a planar carbazole core stabilized by significant intermolecular interactions.
    • Hydrogen bonding and pi-pi stacking play crucial roles in the crystal packing of Glycozolidal.
    • This structural information contributes to understanding the solid-state behavior and potential properties of natural carbazoles.