Sampling-rate calibration for rapid and nonlethal monitoring of organic contaminants in fish muscle by solid-phase...

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a promising technique for determining organic contaminants within biotic systems. Existing in vivo SPME-kinetic calibration (SPME-KC) approaches are unwieldy due to the necessity of predetermining a distribution coefficient for the analyte of interest in the tissue and the preloading of a calibrating compound to the fiber. In this study, a rapid and convenient SPME alternative calibration method for in vivo analysis, termed SPME-sampling rate (SPME-SR) calibration, was developed and validated under both laboratory and field conditions to eliminate such presampling requirements. Briefly, the SPME probe is inserted into tissue, in this study fish dorsal-epaxial muscle, for 20 min allowing the concentrations of target analytes in the fish muscle to be determined by the extracted amount of analyte and the predetermined sampling rates. Atrazine, carbamazepine, and fluoxetine were detected nonlethally in the low ppb levels within fish muscle, with both laboratory and field-derived results obtained by in vivo SPME-KC comparable (within a factor of 1.27) to those obtained by lethal sampling followed by tissue liquid extraction. The technique described in this study represents an important advance which broadens the application of SPME in vivo sampling technology.