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Updated: May 30, 2026

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress
Published on: July 4, 2013
Comparison of the level of aggression towards healthcare workers within Podlaskie Voivodeship
Krystyna Kowalczuk1, Barbara Jankowiak, Elżbieta Krajewska-Kułak
1Department of Health Sciences, Medical University of Białystok, Poland. kkowalczuk@op.pl
Objectives:
The aim of this study was to estimate the level of exposure and average intensity of aggression towards particular professional groups of healthcare workers.
Materials And Methods:
Study participants (n = 1498) were employed at open and closed healthcare units within Podlaskie Voivodeship: 493 nurses, 504 midwives and 501 physicians. The MDM Questionnaire was applied.
Results:
Aggression originating from patients was experienced by 92% of nurses, 86% of doctors, and 74% of midwives examined. Aggressive behavior of co-working physicians concerned 55% of midwives, 54% of nurses and 40% of physicians. The highest average levels of patient aggression, ranging between 2.20 and 3.31, were reported by nurses.
Conclusions:
Nurses are the group most exposed to most aggression forms and sources. Physicians are least exposed to aggression, except for aggression manifested by patients.
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