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Related Concept Videos

Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the surface of...
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics
10:52

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

Published on: April 12, 2019

Efficient synthetic protocols in glycerol under heterogeneous catalysis.

Giancarlo Cravotto1, Laura Orio, Emanuela Calcio Gaudino

  • 1Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy. giancarlo.cravotto@unito.it

Chemsuschem
|August 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Glycerol, a byproduct of vegetable oil processing, can be effectively used as a green solvent in organic synthesis. Combining it with ultrasound and microwave irradiation overcomes its limitations, enabling efficient chemical reactions.

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High-throughput Synthesis of Carbohydrates and Functionalization of Polyanhydride Nanoparticles
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High-throughput Synthesis of Carbohydrates and Functionalization of Polyanhydride Nanoparticles

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Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators
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Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Published on: November 27, 2015

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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics
10:52

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

Published on: April 12, 2019

High-throughput Synthesis of Carbohydrates and Functionalization of Polyanhydride Nanoparticles
14:37

High-throughput Synthesis of Carbohydrates and Functionalization of Polyanhydride Nanoparticles

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Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators
06:31

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Published on: November 27, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Green chemistry
  • Organic synthesis
  • Sustainable solvents

Background:

  • Glycerol is a readily available byproduct of biodiesel production.
  • Traditional organic solvents pose environmental and safety concerns.
  • Glycerol's low solubility and high viscosity limit its application as a solvent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore novel applications of glycerol as a green solvent in organic synthesis.
  • To overcome the limitations of glycerol using non-conventional activation methods.
  • To demonstrate glycerol's viability as a sustainable alternative to volatile organic solvents.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing high-intensity ultrasound and microwave irradiation, alone or in combination.
  • Performing catalytic transfer hydrogenation, Suzuki cross-coupling, and Barbier reactions in glycerol.
  • Investigating glycerol's performance as both solvent and hydrogen donor.

Main Results:

  • Ultrasound and microwave irradiation effectively mitigate glycerol's viscosity and solubility issues.
  • Glycerol facilitates excellent acoustic cavitation at elevated temperatures (70-100 °C).
  • Successful synthesis of benzyl alcohol, Suzuki coupling products, and Barbier reaction products was achieved.

Conclusions:

  • Glycerol, when activated by ultrasound and microwaves, is a versatile and effective green solvent.
  • This approach offers a greener, safer, and more cost-effective alternative to conventional organic solvents.
  • The findings support the expanded use of glycerol in sustainable organic synthesis.