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Production of Organic Acids

Production of Organic Acids

Lactic acid, an important organic acid extensively applied in food, pharmaceutical, and biodegradable polymer industries, is primarily produced via microbial fermentation. This method is favored over chemical synthesis due to its environmental sustainability and capacity for enantiomerically pure product formation. Among various microbial processes, the fermentation of starch-based substrates stands out due to the abundance and renewability of raw materials like corn and potatoes.Hydrolysis of...

Production of Pharmaceuticals

Production of Pharmaceuticals

Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under sterile, tightly...

Production of Alcohol

Production of Alcohol

Continuous fermentation is a key strategy in industrial ethanol production, particularly when efficiency, scalability, and high yields are essential. This approach allows for uninterrupted operation and optimized resource utilization. The primary feedstock, corn starch, undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis facilitated by α-amylase and glucoamylase. These enzymes break down the starch into fermentable sugars such as glucose, which are readily assimilated by fermentative microorganisms.Fermentation...

Downstream Processing

Downstream Processing

Downstream processing begins once fermentation is complete and involves a series of steps to recover and purify products such as acids, vitamins, antibiotics, or proteins.Cell HarvestingFor example, for intracellular protein-based products, the first step is harvesting the cells. This is typically achieved using centrifugation or filtration to separate the cells from the liquid phase.Cell Disruption for Intracellular ProductsIf the target product is intracellular, the harvested cells must be...

Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS

Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS

Pharmacological therapies for IBS-C are designed to alleviate abdominal discomfort and enhance bowel function. In patients with IBS-C, fiber supplements may help soften stools and decrease straining, but may also lead to increased gas production and bloating. Osmotic laxatives like milk of magnesia are frequently used to soften stools and increase stool frequency in IBS-C patients. In addition, two drugs approved for use in severe IBS-C adult cases are linaclotide (Linzess) and lubiprostone...

Microbes in Food Production

Microbes in Food Production

Microbial fermentation is central to food biotechnology, enhancing flavor, texture, preservation, and stability. Fermentative microorganisms metabolize carbohydrates into organic acids, alcohols, and other metabolites that inhibit spoilage organisms and improve digestibility while contributing distinctive sensory qualities.In baking, amylases naturally present in flour hydrolyze starch into monosaccharides such as glucose, which Saccharomyces cerevisiae ferments anaerobically. Through...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability

Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability

Published on: April 22, 2016

Lactulose: production, purification and potential applications.

Parmjit S Panesar¹, Shweta Kumari

¹Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering & Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal-148 106, Punjab, India. pspanesarrr@yahoo.com

Biotechnology Advances

|August 23, 2011

Summary

Lactulose, a prebiotic carbohydrate, promotes beneficial gut bacteria and inhibits harmful ones. This review details its production, purification, analysis, and diverse applications in food and pharmaceuticals.

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Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab

Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab

Published on: August 6, 2018

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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability

Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability

Published on: April 22, 2016

Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab

Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab

Published on: August 6, 2018

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Microbiology
Food Science

Background:

Lactulose is a synthetic disaccharide composed of galactose and fructose.
It is recognized as a prebiotic, often termed a "bifidus factor."

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive review of lactulose production, purification, and analysis.
To discuss the mechanism of action and industrial applications of lactulose.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on lactulose synthesis and characterization.
Analysis of scientific data regarding lactulose's biological effects and industrial uses.

Main Results:

Lactulose stimulates the growth of beneficial bacteria like bifidobacteria and lactobacilli.
It inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria, including Salmonella.
Lactulose has potential therapeutic uses for constipation, hepatic encephalopathy, and tumor prevention, and can help maintain blood glucose and insulin levels.

Conclusions:

Lactulose is a valuable prebiotic with significant applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Further research into its production and applications can optimize its benefits.