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Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons are bound together;...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures

Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures

Published on: October 9, 2012

Atomic solid state energy scale.

Brian D Pelatt¹, Ram Ravichandran, John F Wager

¹School of EECS, Oregon State University, 1148 Kelley Engineering Center, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5501, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|August 25, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers defined a new solid state energy (SSE) scale using absolute energy references like the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE). This scale helps understand material properties such as electronegativity and ionicity in semiconductors and insulators.

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Area of Science:

Solid-state physics and chemistry
Materials science
Quantum chemistry

Background:

Electron affinity (EA) and ionization potential (IP) are key electronic properties of materials.
The energy band gap (E(G)) is a fundamental characteristic of semiconductors and insulators.
A unified energy reference is needed to understand atomic behavior in compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish an absolute energy reference for solid materials.
To define a new solid state energy (SSE) scale.
To quantitatively assess material properties like electronegativity, chemical hardness, and ionicity.

Main Methods:

Plotting electron affinity (EA) and ionization potential (IP) against energy band gap (E(G)) for 69 binary closed-shell inorganic semiconductors and insulators.
Identifying the hydrogen donor/acceptor ionization energy (ε(+/-)) as a central point.
Correlating ε(+/-) with the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) energy.

Main Results:

The energy band gap (E(G)) is centered around the hydrogen donor/acceptor ionization energy (ε(+/-)).
The standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) energy serves as an absolute energy reference for solids.
A new solid state energy (SSE) scale was established based on this reference.

Conclusions:

The SSE scale provides a simple method for assessing material properties.
This scale offers new insights into the periodic trends of solids.
The findings facilitate a deeper understanding of cation/anion tendencies in compounds.