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Related Concept Videos

Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption01:27

Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption

Electrolytes are essential minerals and ions primarily obtained from the diet and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Most electrolytes are absorbed in the small intestine. While the absorption of iron and calcium primarily occurs in the duodenum, calcium is also absorbed in the jejunum and ileum. In these regions, passive diffusion contributes to its absorption alongside active transport mechanisms in the duodenum. These ions can exit the enterocytes through specialized active...
Vitamins01:30

Vitamins

Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced in our...
Micelles01:30

Micelles

Micelle formation is an intricate process that hinges on the properties of amphiphilic or amphipathic molecules and the conditions of the system in which they are found. Amphiphilic molecules, which have both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) parts, play a critical role in this process.In aqueous environments, these molecules arrange themselves such that their hydrophilic heads are turned towards the water phase, while their hydrophobic tails are oriented away...
Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is formed in...
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry01:20

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

The Caco-2 Cell Bioassay for Measurement of Food Iron Bioavailability
06:34

The Caco-2 Cell Bioassay for Measurement of Food Iron Bioavailability

Published on: April 28, 2022

Divalent minerals decrease micellarization and uptake of carotenoids and digestion products into Caco-2 cells.

Eric Biehler1, Lucien Hoffmann, Elmar Krause

  • 1Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies Department, Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, Belvaux, Luxembourg.

The Journal of Nutrition
|August 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dietary minerals like iron and zinc can inhibit carotenoid absorption in the gut. While these divalent ions reduce micellarization, they may enhance cellular uptake of some carotenoids.

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Using Caco-2 Cells to Study Lipid Transport by the Intestine
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Using Caco-2 Cells to Study Lipid Transport by the Intestine

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 29, 2026

The Caco-2 Cell Bioassay for Measurement of Food Iron Bioavailability
06:34

The Caco-2 Cell Bioassay for Measurement of Food Iron Bioavailability

Published on: April 28, 2022

Using Caco-2 Cells to Study Lipid Transport by the Intestine
07:00

Using Caco-2 Cells to Study Lipid Transport by the Intestine

Published on: August 20, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Biochemistry
  • Gastrointestinal Physiology

Background:

  • Carotenoids are vital dietary antioxidants with disease-preventive potential.
  • Micellarization and intestinal uptake are crucial, yet poorly understood, steps for carotenoid bioavailability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of dietary divalent ions (Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe) on carotenoid micellarization and cellular uptake.
  • To elucidate the concentration-dependent effects of these minerals on spinach-derived carotenoid absorption.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an in vitro digestion model integrated with Caco-2 cells.
  • Assessed spinach carotenoids (including β-carotene, neoxanthin, violaxanthin) in the presence of varying concentrations of Ca, Mg, Zn, and Fe.

Main Results:

  • Divalent ions significantly inhibited carotenoid micellarization and cellular uptake in a concentration-dependent manner.
  • Iron and zinc exhibited stronger inhibitory effects than calcium and magnesium.
  • Despite reduced micellarization, fractional cellular uptake of β-carotene from micelles increased with divalent ion presence.

Conclusions:

  • Dietary divalent ions can modulate carotenoid bioavailability by affecting both micellarization and cellular uptake.
  • The interplay between mineral-induced inhibition of micellarization and enhancement of cellular uptake warrants further investigation for optimizing carotenoid absorption.