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Diabetic Foot Ulcer

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Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory neuropathy reduces pain perception,...

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...

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Updated: May 29, 2026

Effects of Mindfulness Training Combined with Tai Chi in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Effects of Mindfulness Training Combined with Tai Chi in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Published on: July 14, 2023

Diabetes: foot ulcers and amputations.

Dereck L Hunt¹

¹McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.

BMJ Clinical Evidence

|August 30, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Diabetic foot ulcers are serious. This review synthesizes evidence on interventions for preventing and treating diabetic foot ulcers and amputations, evaluating 50 studies.

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Effects of Mindfulness Training Combined with Tai Chi in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Effects of Mindfulness Training Combined with Tai Chi in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Published on: July 14, 2023

Area of Science:

Podiatry
Diabetology
Wound Care

Background:

Diabetic foot ulceration involves full-thickness skin damage, graded by the Wagner system (1-5).
Incidence ranges from 2.5% to 10.7% annually in developed countries, with amputation rates between 0.25% and 1.8%.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the effectiveness of interventions for preventing foot ulcers and amputations in diabetic patients.
To assess the efficacy of treatments for existing diabetic foot ulcerations.

Main Methods:

A systematic review was conducted, searching major databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library) up to September 2010.
Included 50 systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials (RCTs), with a GRADE evaluation of evidence quality.

Main Results:

Evidence quality was assessed using the GRADE system for interventions.
A comprehensive list of interventions was evaluated for effectiveness and safety.

Conclusions:

The review covers interventions including debridement, skin substitutes, patient education, and off-loading devices.
Effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen, therapeutic footwear, growth factors, and wound dressings were also analyzed.